The glass vessels [from Brougham cemetery]

Hilary Cool

This extract discusses the glass vessels used as pyre and grave goods at Brougham (centred on National Grid Reference 544298. The cremation cemetery was in use in the third century and the following phasing was established. Phase 1 – c. 200/220 – 240 AD Phase 2 – c. 240 – 270 AD Phase 3 – c. 270 – 300/310 AD Phase 3b – 280/85 – 300/310 AD The cemetery was that of the military community based in the fort at Brougham and men, women, children and infants were buried there. The burial rite was strongly structured according to the age and sex of the individuals. It seems highly probably that the unit was an auxiliary cavalry one that had originally come from the Danubian parts of the empire and which may have spent time stationed in Germania before coming to Brougham.

‘The glass vessels’ in Cool, H.E.M. 2004. The Roman Cemetery at Brougham, Cumbria: excavations 1966-67, Britannia Monograph 21, (Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, London), 364-73. Abstract This extract discusses the glass vessels used as pyre and grave goods at Brougham (centred on National Grid Reference 544298. The cremation cemetery was in use in the third century and the following phasing was established. Phase 1 – c. 200/220 – 240 AD Phase 2 – c. 240 – 270 AD Phase 3 – c. 270 – 300/310 AD Phase 3b – 280/85 – 300/310 AD The cemetery was that of the military community based in the fort at Brougham and men, women, children and infants were buried there. The burial rite was strongly structured according to the age and sex of the individuals. It seems highly probably that the unit was an auxiliary cavalry one that had originally come from the Danubian parts of the empire and which may have spent time stationed in Germania before coming to Brougham. A view of grave 264 during excavation. A complete glass drinking cup can be seen placed on top of the cremated bones in the urn top right. The grave was that of an unsexed adult aged c. 35-45 years old who died during Phase 2. (Photo Ministry of Works). 364 THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CutvIBRIA Drive, York, cemetery. The very high level of all finewares at lhe Brou.gham cemetery is well illustrated by comparison with the broadly contemporary cemetery at Low Borrowbridge (Hird 1996) where samian was completely absent and finewares scarce. Amphora was notably avoided for burials at Brougham, in contrast to the East London cemetery (Barber and Bowsher 2000), but this seems to be part of a more general pattern in northern cemeteries. Coarseware mortaria are generally absent from burials, and this is true at Brougham, but here, most unusually, there are a number of samian mortaria from the graves. There are a number of indications from the ceramic evidence of changes in the burial ritual with time. Fineware levels fall in Phase 3 and continue at the lower leveJ in Phase 3b. This cou~d be chronological, but samian and '~henish' war~s are not really replaced by easily available Nene Valley products. The f-unct10nal compos1ton of the assemblage also changes with jar levels rising in Phases 2 and 3, and cup and beaker levels falling in Phase 3, whilst mortaria only appear in Phase 2, and the practice of deliberately holing vessels appears in Phase 2, along with the use of colour-coated beakers for adults. The unstratified pottery is of interest. Its composition is quite different to that from the burials, and thus it quite clearly represents material deposited in the cemetery, rather than deriving from disturbed burials. lts functional composition is of a jar-dominated group, with an emphasis, therefore, on food preparation or containers (the former being particularly· probable). The low levels of beakers might suggest little emphasis on drink, although there is quite a high level of liquid containers and a reasonable level of tablewares. Coarseware mortaria might aJso suggest food preparation. This material would seem likely to represent the preparation and consumption of memorial meaJs in the cemetery. THE GLASS VESSELS By H.E.M. Cool INTRODUCTION Glass vessels were used in the cemetery at Brougham both as pyre goods and grave goods. Sixteen vessels appear to have been deposited originally in an unbroken state and melted or heat-affected vessels could be recognised in 21 deposits. In addition t here was some vessel glass in the deposits which was of uncertain status, and unstratiJied glass fragments contemporary with the use of the cemetery had also been collected. At the time of its excavation, this was the largest assemblage from any later second or third-century cemetery in Britain and it has remained so in the i.n tervening years. It is a group of great importance for understanding the nature of glass drinking vessel assemblages in Britain during the third century, and consequently a paper has already appeared on that aspect of the assemblage (Cool 1990). Via that article several of the cups and beakers have also been published as type specimens in the standard reference handbook on vessel glass in Roman Britain (Price and Cottam 1998, 108, fig. 42, 112-)5, figs 45-6). The dating now available for the graves allows the conclusions reached in the paper to be expanded and also provides valuable new information for the other forms present . The glass vessels have suffered some vicissitudes since they were excavated. Though Miss Charlesworth was one of the leading international glass specialists of her day, she never se~ms to have drafted a report on the material or, if she did, it has not survived in the archive. The firs t detailed study was undertaken by the present author and Professor Jennifer Price in t~e 1980s as part of the earlier campaign of post-excavation work When we received the ma!enal it was apparent that in the intervening years several of the vessels had become disassociated from their original burial reference numbers, and only retained a Tullie House Museum accession number. This had happened disproportionately to the complete or near complete pieces. In the 1960s it was not possible to progress with the production of a report much beyond the catalogue stage because of this. 365 THE VESSELS During the 2000-2002 campaign of work it was possible to re-unite these unprovenanced vessels w ith their original contexts which, it was discovered, were mainly from the 1966 excavations. In most cases it could be done because photographs showing them in situ existed. It was also possible to assign other pieces from the 1967 excavations to the correct context via the four-letter codes they retained. In cross-checking the original records w ith the extant glass it became apparent that some vessels had become associated with burials that they had not been originally found with. In particular 186 had become the provenance of 268.2 and 298.10. At the end of the process all the extant vessels had been re-assigned but it was clear that 255 and 273 had originally had glass vessels but these were not now extant. That from 273 was described as a 'green beaker' and so may be treated as a drinking vessel. No description survives of that from 255. In what follows the types of vessels found will first be discussed according to context and state (pyre good, grave good, eLc), and then how the vessels were being used in the different ceremonies will be considered. VESSELS USED AS "PYRE GOODS Amongst the glass from the cemetery there is a substantial amount which shows dear evidence of having been heat affected. Twenty-two deposits (TABLE 8.34) had this material, r.anging froro lumps of only lg or so in weight to 300g in 198. The condition ranges from fragments that retain their form but show the typical 'jigsaw-like' breaks along the edges that result from shattering through the effect of heat, to lumps that are entirely melted. It is reasonable to assume that this material derives from vessels that w ere placed either on or very near the pyre. This seems to be confirmed by the fact that in four cases cremated bone was incorporated into the melted lumps (5.3, 39.2, 198.28 and 250.1), and that when initially studied the deposits that had dried onto several pieces wete rich in charcoal dust. TABLE 8:34: OCCURRENCE OF GLASS VESS6LS USED AS PYRE GOODS6 Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase3 Phase 3b Unphased Total Adult Female Male Double Infant ImmalUre Uncertain age 2 No hu.man bone Total .., L 2 1 l 2 3 5 1 l 1 4 3 ] ] 3 3 l 1 1 1 1 9 1 5 3 2 5 22 In all cases the glass was blue/green. Du ring the later second and third century blue/green glass was used primarily for utilitarian containers such as bottles though it w as sometimes used for tablewares. The predomfaance of blue/green amongst the melted glass would therefore suggest that it was containers that were being placed on the pyre, and this seems confirmed by the few cases wh ere it is possible to identify the form. Fragments from a prismatic bottle (281.4), a bath-flask (227.8) and a bottle or flask (239.7) were recovered from the burialrelated deposits and there was a fragment consjsting of a collapsed unguent bottle which was found unstratified (GS). fragments 75.12 and 164.2 were melted necks that had come from bottles or flasks. In only one case (198.28) were there any \ndications that a vessel that may have been something other than a plain container was present. The fragments in this deposit of pyre debris included convex-curved body fragments with a zone of abraded bands and possibly the edge of a concave b ase. These features a re consistent with it having been a globular flask with cylindrical neck (lsings 1957, form 103; Price and Cottam 1998, 181-2), a vessel type -366 THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CU1\.1BRIA that is not infrequently found in Britain and which was in use from the mid third century and into the fourth century (Cool and Price 1995, 154). It has to be stressed though that this hash;> be a tentative identification based on the fact that abraded bands are rare on other forms made of blue/green glass at that time. Of the other two vessels that can be identified, the presence of the bottle 281.4.in a Phase 3b deposit of pyre debris is of considerable inter.est. It belongs to the family of prismatic bottles, fragments of which dominate many later first and second-century assemblages (!sings 1957 form 50; Price and Cottam 1998, 194-202). Most were square but hexagonal ones were Ft~ uncommon. lt has been clear for some time that the use of these continu ed to the end of the second century and probably into the early third century (Cool and Price 1995, 184-5). Deposit 281.4 would suggest that some may still have been in use in the mid to late third century. Bath-flasks such as 227.8 were in use from the mid to later first century to the mid third century (Isings 1957, form 61; Price and Cottam 1998, 188-90), and the occurrence of this one in an urned cremation burial of Phase 2 (c. A.D. 240-270) provides a useful confirmation 0 £the continuing use of the type in northern Britain into the mid third century. The vessel is relatively lightly heat affected and it is tempting to suggest that it had been placed close to the pyre in the manner of some of the pottery vessels (seep. 358), rather than on it. Though it is representecl. by several fragments and an almost complete profile can be reconstructed, much of the vessel is missing. As it came from a relatively undisturbed area within 227, the fragmentary state is presumably due to only a few fragments being placed in the grave rather than having· been placed in it as a complete vessel. The fact that the broken edges are heat distorted implies that the contents of the flask had already been disposed of by the time the pyre was lit. Bath-fla.sks are one of the very few vessel -types where it i.s possible to be confident about the contents. Fragments from them are regularly found in large numbers in contexts associated with bathhouses and some examples still retain the carrying chains through the handles which united them to strigiJs (see for example Allen 1986, 104- 5). Clearly they carried the oil which was an essential part of the Roman personal hygiene regime. It is possible that the presence of the bath-flask here indicates that oil had been used in the preparation of the body pri0r to cremation. Bath-flasks have been recovered in cremation burials elsewhere, for example at Ospringe (Whiting 1926, 123, no. 141, 126, no 146; Whiting et al. 1931, pl. xvi) and at Shoebury (VCH Essex, 179) but these show no evidence of having been on the pyre. Their contents could have been used af,ter burning, perhaps to anoint the cremated bone. In the case of 227.8 the contents must have been used prior to burning, perhaps in cleaning the body. Although itis only in the case of 227.8 that the contents can be suggested with any certainty, the other glass vessels that can be recognised amongst the pyre goods also clearly contained liquids, given their narrow necks, which must have been used to prepare either the pyre or the body prior to burning. The melted vessel gJass includes material that has become completely molten (see for example 198.28). The working temperature of a standard Roman glass is 1000-1100°C with the melting range being higher (Henderson 2000, 39, fig. 3.24). To achieve the effect seen in some of the molten glass, it is clear that some of the pyres at least must have achieved temperatures well in excess of 1100°c. VESSELS USED AS CRAVE GOODS Of the vessels placed entire in the grave, the majority consist of drinking vessels but there aPe also a small number of closed containers (see TABLE 8.35). They range in condition from complete to entirely shattered. Cup 264.8, for example, is as perfect today as the day it ~as made as may be seen from FIG. 8.18 whereas others such as 107.9 and 330.2 are shattered mto hundreds of fragments and splinters. Though it would be impossible to be absolutely sure when the damage took place, it seems most likely to have occurred post deposition. Some of the vessels such as 102.17 have a wall thickness much less than would normally be expected and give every appearance of having been 'corroded'. Others which are now shattered ~to many ftagments often include pieces that have disintegrated into a myriad of tiny chip,s 367 THE VESSELS TABLE 8:35: OCCURRENCE OF GLASS VESSELS USED AS GRAVE GOODS Vessel type Phase 1 Cylindrical cup ({sings 85) Hemispherical cup Cylindrical cup (cracked off rim) Footed cup Indented beaker Bea ker/flask Handled jar Flask Indented unguent flask Missing Total 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 3b Total 1 1 3 3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 1 1 2 1 ?1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 4 16 resembling granulated sugar. Such phenomena strongly suggest that the glass has devitrified due to adverse soil conditions. This is very unusual as normally Roman glass is chemically stable in British soil conditions. Given the erosion seen on the samian vessels (see p. 345) and the virtual non-survival of unbumt bone at Brougham, it does seem probable here. When combined with the dam.age caused to various deposits by ploughing and the engineering works, it would seem sufficient to explain the damaged state of some vessels. As it is of some interest to know whether any special selecti on of vessel forms is evident, an attempt will be made to assess whether or not these are common types within the repertoire of glass vessels in use in third-century Roman Britain. There are problems in doing this as the assemblage includes forms which are difficult to identify from fragments of the type to be expected in the normal domestic assemblage. The same rim and base types can be used on a range of vessels and it is only when both are present together with some of the body that identifications can be made with certainty. The majority of the vessels used as grave goods were drinking vessels made of colourless glass. There were three examples (102.17, 107.9 and 186.8) of the cylindrical cup with d ouble base ring (Isings 1957, form 85b; Price and Cottam 1998, 99-101). These are the commonest glass drinking vessels of the later second to early to mid third century, often occurring in large numbers on sites occupied at that time. As can be seen from TABLE 8.35 they were found in the earlier phases and do not occur in contexts of Phases 3 and 3b. This helps to confirm the view that they were going out of use in the middle of the third century. Indeed they may already have disappeared from common use by the end of Phase 2 as one of the examples from a grave of that date (186.8) shows heavy wear and had d early been in use for a considerable time before it was deposited. flG. 8.1~ Hemispherical glass drinking cup (264.8). (Crown copyright). 368 THE ROMAi'\f CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRlA The commonest drinking vessel in the cemetery is the hemispherical cup with fire-rounded rims (Price and Cottam 1998, 112-13). One plain example (307.19), one with pulled-up blobs (268.9) and a third with abraded bands and pulled-up blobs and ribs (264.8) were found deposited as grave goods with umed cremation burials. It will also be appropriate to discuss two further examples here. Cup 330.2 with abraded bands and pulled-up blobs was found in a deposit about which we have no contextual information, so whether this was an umed cremation burial or a special vessel deposit or 'memorial' is unclear. It is likely to have been deposited as a complete vessel, however, unlike 274.12, decorated by puJled-up ribs, w hich was clearly deposited in a fragmentary but unbumt state with redeposited pyre debris in a deposit of uncertain status. This v-essel form is clearly the dominant glass drinking vessel of the mid to late third centuries in Britain, though the difficulty of identifying it from small fragments probably leads to its presence being underestimated in site assemblages. It has been discussed at length in previous publications (Cool 1990; Cool and Price 1995, 86-7) where details of dated comparanda are given. Here it is merely appropriate to note the chronological information the Brougham cups provide, as it has been suggested that though it is primarily a third-century form, it might have been in use at the end of the second century (Price and Cottam 1998, 112). As can be seen f:rom TABLE 8.35 where they have been deposited as gr.ave goods, they are found in Phase 2 and Phase 3b contexts. The same is also true of the two of uncertain status. No example has come from a. Phase 1 deposit. These cups and the cylindrical ones of !sings (1957) form 85b, have an overlapping and complementary chronological distribution in Brougham material, that strongly suggests the hemispherical form did indeed replace the cylindrical form in the mid third century and was probably not in use during the early third century. Both of the forms discussed so far are common ones, but the rest of the drinking vessels found at Brougham appear not to be. A few similar cups to 310.8 have been suggested (Price and Cottam 1998, 114-15) but mainly on the grounds of rim fragments where the attribution is sometimes questionable. The best parallel for this vessel comes from the General Accident site, Tanner Row (YORYM 1983-4.32; unpublished) where the complete profile of a similar vessel came from an early to mid third-century context. Cup 310.8 came from a Phase 3b grave suggesting a late third-century date of deposition. The base is much worn suggesting again that the vessel was old when deposited. Tentatively an early to mid third-century date can currently be suggested for the type. The only blue/green drinking vessel (186.9) is an example of another type which it is very difficult to identify from small fragments, and no precise parallels can be advanced for it from Britain. It is a cup with a high foot and an out-turned fire-rounded rim and came from a mid third-century burial. It probably belongs broadly to the same family as vessels with lower base rings and wider rims found in a late second to third-century cemetery at Hauxton (Harden 1958, 12, nos 3-4, fig. 7) and from an inhumation burial a.t Butt Road, Colchester (Cool and Price 1995, 99, no. 693, fig. 6.4) belonging to the part of the cemetery for which a date in the first two decades or so of the fourth century has been suggested (Crummy et al. 1993, 54). lt should be noted, however, that much of the pottery predates that period1 sometimes by a considerable amount (Going 1993), and so the g lass vessel might also be of third-century date. High footrings of a size suitable for a cup like this are rare amongst Romano-British site assemblages, but two similar vessels may be noted from the cremation cemetery at Neuville-le-Pollet, Seine Maritime, in Normandy (Senneguier 1985, 39, no& 5-6). Tall glass drinking vessels which may be tern1ed beakers are rare from tlie later seco~d century to the end of the third century when low cups were obvfously preferred. In this assemblage there is one beaker decorated with pulled-up horns and indentations (307.20) from a late third-century Phase 3b context. This appears to be a very rare form, not just.in Britain but also in the rest of the north-western provinces. A very similar vessel, though ';1th a cracked-off rather than fire-rounded rim as here, was found in a cremation burial at Neuville- the THE VESSELS 369 le-Pollet (Sennequier 1985, 55, no. 29) dated to the late third or early fourth century. Another is known from Aachener Strasse, Koln (Doppelfeld 19661 Taf. 95) also apparently with a cracked-off rim, though of a proportion that m.ore resembles a tall cup. It is possible that some of the body fragments with pinched-up lugs (Cool and Price 1995, 86, fig. 5.14, no. 550) in site assemblages might have come from such beakers but generally they retain a curve to the body suggesting they came from the variant of the hemispherical cup discussed above with this decoration. The beaker form does appear to be truly rare rather than just apparently 50 because of the difficulty of recognising them from fragments. In the same grave as this beaker there was another vessel that couJd be reconstructed as a beaker (307.21) as has been done in FIG. 4.243. The multiplicity of fragments and their small size above the lower body meant that physical reconstruction was not a possibility and so there is no certainty that the image presented is what the vessel actually looked like, though it is consistent wi.th the evidence. If it was a beaker like this, then the vessel is unusual and unparalleled. It is also very large. An alternative might be that it was a flask like one found in an inhumation burial at Butt Road, Colchester (Cool and Price 1995, 155, no. 1188) which also contained a hemispherical cup similar to 307.19 and which should thus date to the mid to late third century. Against this identification, however, is the fact that no fragments from the shoulder or shoulder/neck junction fragment could be recognised. Whatever the vessel was one thing is certain, it was unusual. Equally unusual is the small handled jar from a Phase 2 grave (298.10). Originally the vessel had a handle which had either broken off or been removed. The stump of the lower handle attachment had been carefully reworked to remove irregularities, and the vessel showed signs of heavy wear and thus long use on various part of the body. Originally it might have been similar to a blue/green vessel from Neusser Strasse, Koln (Fremersdorf 1958, 35, Taf. 60). Handled wide-mouthed vessels are rare in glass. !sings (1957, 76) designates them as her form 58 attributable to the first to second centuries on the basis of examples being known from Pompeii and from a cremation burial at Vaison that was clearly of Antonine or later date (Morin-Jean 1913, 256, figs 334-5). Morin-Jean (1913, 100) in designating them his form 44 su ggested they might possibly continue into the third century on the grounds of a carinated colourless wheel-cut example of unknown provenance in the Cabinet des Medailles, Paris, presumably drawing unstated comparisons with the colourless cylindrical bottles that the lower half of that one resembles. At 97mm high 298.10 is smaller than the form normally is. The three examples from the cremation cemetery of mid first to mid second-century date at Lattes, Languedoc (Pistolet 1981 1 43, nos 170-2), for example1 range from 111-55mm in height. The shoulder is also more sharply stepped than normal. Given that the rim and shoulder are quite distinctive, it can be said with some confidence that similar vessels do not appear to have been recovered from Romano-British site assemblages. The vessel is thus an unusual example of a form that was never p articularly common, and which appears distinctly rare in the north-western provinces. Two large flasks and one smaller unguent bottle were also found . One of the flasks (189.2) has lost its upper parts through the truncation of the Phase 2 grave which also affected the pottery beaker which appears to have acted as an um. Despite this, the spherical body and constriction of the neck at the junction of body and neck make it clear that originally this was a flask of !sings (1957') form 103 (Price and Cottam 1998, 181-2). The form is certainly in use during the second h alf of the third century and jnto the first half of the fourth century (Cool and Price 1995, 154). The form never occurs in large numbers on Romano-British sites but is n ot rare. At Brougham it is possibly the only type that occurs both a:s a grave good and as a pyre good, as 198.28 may have come from such a vessel. The other large flask (157.4), from an unumed cremation burial of Phase 3, is a typical example of a form that can only be recognised if a substantial part of the vessel is found. The base is a type used on man y vessels and the fannelmouth with rolled-in rim edge can be seen on a variety of flask and jug forms. It would also be almost impossible to recognise the flattening of the body to produce an oval outline from a small fragment. Occasionally substantial parts 370 TH E ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRlA o.£ the rim and neck of what may have been sjmilar flasks are found, such as a colourless one found with much Antonine pottery in a context at Springhead which postdated A.O. 175 (Penn 1961, 139, no. 5< fig. 6.10). This suggests that such vessels were present in the domestic assemblages, but how common they were is impossible to say. Indented unguent bottles such as 350.3 (!sings 1957, form 83; Price and Cottam 1998, 177-9) are not uncommon in domestic assemblages. They were primarily in use during the third century. Where they have been found in burials, these tend not to be closely dated within the late Roman period (see for example Cool and Price 1995, 162, no. 1252; Harden 1962, 140, fig. 88.H.324.5), but a handful do have narrower dates. The example from an inhumation burial at Ospringe may be dated to within the first half of the century (Whiting et al. 1931, 31,, no, 321, pI. 3J} whilst that from Mansel Street, London (RCHM London, 157, fig. 64.22)r accompanied a cremation burial in a BB jar with obtuse lattice with a groove above. As discussed elsewhere this would imply a date after c. A.O. 270, suggesting this is of late thu-dcentury date. The date of the probable urned cremation burial that 350.3 was found in is problematic as the only information that survives in the archive is the unguent bottle itself and a photograph of the deposit. The pottery does not survive but from the photograph it may be suggested that the group was later rather than earlier in the Brougham sequence (J. Evans pers. comm.). · VESSEL GLASS OF UNCERTAIN STATUS IN THE DEPOSITS Vessel glass also survives jn the archive marked as coming from eleven other deposits.7 lhis material shows no evidence of melting and thus does not appear to be derived from the pyre, The fragmentary nature suggests that this mater.ial did not derive from a deliberately deposited grave good and seems, where evidence is sufficient, to have derived fr.om the fill. In all but one case (278.13) the fragments are coJourless and thus likely to come from tablewares though only in the case of the cup 274.12 (seep. 368) is it possible to identify the form. The blue/green, fragment 278.13 comes from a prismatic bottle. this category of material would thus appear to share more in common with the material placed in the grave, than with that placed ort the pyre. UNSTRATIFIED VESSEL GLASS The small group of unstratified material contains one piece of exceptional interest. Gl is a small colourless fragment with traces of gold leaf applied to the outer surface. As it is so small and lacks a context, it is difficult to assert with certainty that it is of Roman date, but given the lack of post-Roman material within the archive, it does seem very likely that it was. Decorating glass vessels with gold had a history within the Roman world going back to the Hellenistic period but such vessels were always rare. It is possible that interest in the technique revived during the later third to fourth century (see Harden et al. 19871 262-8 for general discussion), Gl would belong to the tradition that is thought to have been centred in the Rhineland where the decoration was applied to the outer surface and not protected by an outer layer of glass as in the glass-houses in Rome. Gold glass such as Gl was thus in use during the time people were being buried in the cemetery, but the discovery of a fragment of such a vessel is remarkable. Gold, glass vessels such as this a.re at the extreme luxury end of glassware as may be seen from such vessels as the Disch cantharus (Harden et al. 1987, 253; Whitehouse 2001, 275) and the blue bowl decorated with images of the young princes of the Constantinian house and scenes from the life of Jonah and the whale from the cemetery at Koln-Braunsfeld (Doppelfeld 1960/1, 14, Abb 4.1, Ta£. 10; Harden et al. 1987, 25-7, no. 5). The only other fragment of gold glass known to me from Roman Britain is a small fragment from a rural, possibly villa, site at Ashley Northants (D. Charlesworth, unpublished papers) where occupation appears to have ceased in the late thjrd century. This small fragment takes its place alongside other items found at Brougham such as the ivory and gold objects as an indication that this was a wealthy comnmnity able to access rare, luxurious objects. 37] THE VESSELS 11,e other polychrorne fragment (G2) indicates snake-thread glass vessels were being used in the ·vicinity. The style was used to decorate tablewares in the later second to mid third centurjes. Vessels such as this do not tend to be found in large quantities in site assemblages, but are not uncommon (Cool and Price 1995, 61). Of the other unstratified glass, blue/green vessels (GS-12) are more common than colourless tablewares (G3-4). The only fragment of any of the unstratified material to show evidence of having been on the pyre is the unguent bottle neck fragment GS, which perhaps suggests that the rest of the material derived from activities that took place at the pyre or grave side. The commonest vessel form represented amongst the blue/green glass is the square or prismatic bottle (GB-12), suggesting that these had a role within the cemetery as well as being put on the pyre. GLASS VESSEL USE IN THE CEMETERY As will have become apparent in the foregoing discussion there is a distinct difference between the vessels thought appropriate to put on the pyre and those placed formally as grave goods in the grave. For the pyre, the evidence points to the use of liquid containers, presumably the interest lying in the contents rather than the vessel itself. Jn the grave, drinking vessels were preferred, though a few liquid containers were also present. When the vessels are summarised according to the likely age and sex of the people they accompanied (TABLE 8.36) other differences appear. TABl..E 8:36: OCCURRENCE OP GLASS VESSELS USED A$ GRAVE AND PYRE GOODS ACCORDING TO AGE AND SEX Adult Cup/ beaker Flask 4 1 Indented unguent Unknown Pyre 1 5 1 Female Male Handled jar l 6 Double Tnfant 1 Im.mature Uncertain age 3 3 1 3 1 3 1 Unknown As can be seen, glass vessels and their contents were used on the pyres of the full range of the population whereas glass vessels were placed overwhelmingly in the graves of adults. Of particular interest is the distribution of the drinking vessels (TA13LE 8.37). A formal significance test supports the conclusion that glass drinking vessels are disproportionately associated with adult males at Brougham as it is significant at less than the 1% level. When the pyre goods of the unsexed adult graves are inspected, they contain no items such as glass beads tha.t seem to be the preserve of females (s·e e p. 389). This all strongly suggests that glass drii1king vessels were an artefact type that was seen in some way as being particularly associated with adult males, and possibly those of more mature years. Of those where the age can be suggested in other than general terms, the individual in 107 was 24 to 45, in 107 was 35 to 45, in 273 was over 40, and in 102 was over 45. TABLE 8.37: PRESENCE AND ABSENCE O'r GLASS ORTNKJNG VESSELS IN ADULT GRAVES Absent Total 6 8 0 17 14 17 4 28 32 10 53 63 Present Male Female Adult Tot~t 372 THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA In the current state of knowledge the way in whkh g lass vessels were being used at Brougham appears unusual. In TABLE 8.38 the vessels used as pyre and grave goods at a variety of second to third-century cemetedes in Britain have been summarised. Few cemeteries have a narrow date range as a t Brougham, and in most cases the cemeteries were in use for a much longer period. In the table an attempt has been made to exclude burials in them which were clearly of first or early second-century date. The cemeteries considered are those of Tr.entho]mc Drive, York (Wenham 1968), Infirmary Field, Chester (Newstead 1914; 1921), Ospringe (Whiting 1925; 1926; Whiting et al. 1931), Baldock (Weslell 1931), Skeleton Green, Braugh.ing (Partridge 1981) and the East London cemetery (Barber and Bowsher 2000). In all cases other than the Infirmary Field cemetery, inhumation burials have been excluded. The Chester cemetery is an inhumation cemetery but of particular relevance to Brougham not only because geographically it is the closest, bul also because of the vessel types deposited there. It should be noted that at Baldock there is no evjdence that pyre goods of any sort were reported on. The figures for Skeleton Green are slightly problematic as they are derived from only five graves, one of which possibly contained eleven glass vessels (Charlesworth 1981, 268, B.xxxviii). Six of these are known only from base fragments, though there is no indication from the pottery in the cemetery that it suffered from excessive truncation. These vessels, most of which cannot be identified as to form, have not been included here. TABLE 8.38: COMPARISO N Of TI-{E GLASS VESSr.tS USED IN SECOND TO THTRD-C ENTURY CEMETERIES Site Bottle Flask Cup/ Jug Bowl Other Brougham Trentholme Chester Ospringe Baldock Skeleton Green East London 3 10 3 4 1 (?) l 3 7 1 1 1 1 3 Pyre - Pyre - container drinking beaker 2 1 1 21 (+) (+) N/A N/A 2 2 4 As can be seen from TABLE 8.38, the habit of placing liquid containers on the pyre is widespread. Only at Trentholme Drive is there evidence of drinking vessels being burnt. These were cylindrical cups of Isings (1957) form 85b of the sort discussed above in connection with 102.17 etc (Harden 1968, 93, no. 14). When it comes to the placing of glass vessels in the graves, Brougham stands apart from all the other cremation cemeteries. With the exception o.f London where no unburnt vessels are present, the other cemeteries favour liquid containers in the form of bottles and flasks. Drinking vessels are absent from most of the cemeteries. Only at ln.firmary Field do they form a slight majority, again being cylindrical cups (Newstead 1914, 144, no. 23.5, 151, no. 26.15, 154, no. 27.4; 1921, 51, no. 30.5).8 At Skeleton Green a much more varied suite of vessels was deposited, more reminiscent of a normal domestic assemblage. Other than at York and Chester, the deposition of glass vessels .in late second and thirdcentury graves seems rare in the north of England. Low Borrowbridge (Lambert 1996) and Petty Knowes, Rochester (Charlton and Mitcheson 1984) appear to have produced no vessel glass at all. One of the tombs excavated in 1850 at High Rochester, however, is recorded as having some fragments of glass, though there is no mention as to whether they were melted or not (Bosanquet 1935, 249). A single glass fragment was noted with a 'cremation circular patch' at Lanchester (Turner 1990, table 1, no. 33). There is no detailed description of the fragment but the brief description of the context might hint that it was redeposited pyre debris, perhaps suggesting this was a pyre good. The cremation area uncovered during the excavations on the Corbridge bypass produced evidence of vessels being used as pyre goods, again these seemed to be liquid containers .including an unguent bottle and a jug (Price and Cottam 1995, 26, nos 3 and 5). Far to the north beyond the province, a cylindrical cup was THE VESSELS 373 deposited unburnt in a cist at Airlie (Curle 1932, 292, fig. 3, 386, no. 65), but that seems the only example of a cup as a grave good other than those at Brougham and Chester. The way in which glass was being used as a grave good is unusual for Britain at this time and especially for the North. Lt certainly stands out as umlsual within the context of a cemetery attached to an auxiliary fort and vicus, having more in common with the cemetery associated with the legionary fortress at Chester. The discovery of the apparent association between adult males and glass drinking vessels is completely unexpected. Whether this was widespread or merely yet another quirk of the Brougham record must remain at present unknown as there are no other contemporary cemeteries with drinking vessels where the human bone has been subject to rigorous analysis. Another feature of the glass deposited as grave goods is that a noticeable proportion are forms that seem rare and are uncommon in contemporary domestic assemblages. Vessels 298.10 and 307.20-1 are certainly rare, whil.st 186.9 and 310.8 may be. This was a phenomenon observed in late second to third-century inhumation burials with glass vessels in the East London cemetery (Shephe_rd 2000, 129). The late second-century burial at Skeleton Green with many vessels noted above, also contains some forms that appear most uncommon. There are hin ts here that glass vessels may be playing some special role in the burial ritual, that they are n ot alternatives for pottery. Shepherd (ibid, 128), has suggested that at times glass may have been specially selected because it is transparent and thus the contents could be seen. This may be one facet of the explanation, but there must have been other influences at work also to account for the se.lection of rare and unusual forms. THE METAL VESSELS By Quita Mould INTRODUCTlON The cemetery has produced a remarkably wide range of metal vessels though most are represented by rather unprepossessing fragments. Only one was placed entire in the grave as a grave good. This was the enamelled patera (107.10, FIG. 8.19) which has already been discussed fully in Chapter 4. Metal vessels appear to have been placed most frequently on the pyre and these are discussed here. FlG. 8.19 Enamelled copper alloy patera (107.10). (Crown copyright). PART 2: Deposits 101-200 101 1967/13 PHASE 3 pjan FIG. 4.2. Description No detailed re cords extant. Rectangu tar sandstone cist with missing ends (0.46 x 0.3m). Nos 3-5 explicitly stated to be from the fill. Pyre goods 1 Iron; nail. Finds of uncertain status 2 801. Wt. 95g. BE 17 (BC/BO). A BBl jar base fragment and lower wall sherds with obtuse lattice decoration, exterior sooted and interior ?limescale. Third to mid fou rthcentury. 3 B01. Wt. 13g. RE 7 (BC/WJ). A BB1 jar rim fragment, sooted. Cf Gi llam (1976) nos 7-9, third-century. BOl. Wt. 16g. RE 3 (BC/WJ). A BBl jar rim 4 fragment. CJ. Gillam (1976) nos 10- 14, later third to mid fourth-century. 5 R03. Wt. 12g. Three greyware bodysherds from a jar with acu te lattice decoration. Hadrianic to Antonme+. Interpretation Uncertain. 102 1967/32 PHASE2 Plan FTC. 4.2; details FIGS 4.91, 4.92; see also FTG. 11.6. Description Partial cist. Probably a pit 0.76 to 0.84.m square, verticaJ slabs lining one side. Vessels placed on a layer of charcoal containing cremated bone and bronze specks. Cremated human bone in jar (11), bea ker (13) and in charcoal layer. Unburnt bone placed on dish (15), glass vessel {17) placed inside (12). Cremated human bone Three groups all from same i.ndividua I. (i) from jar (11 ), (ii) from beaker (13), (iii) from basal redeposited pyre debris. (i) Adult (45-100 years); male. Wt. 751.9g (includ ing copper alloy fused to right mandible, rib shaft, left distal humerus, iron nail and copper alloy adhering to j(jum; 39.4g animal bone and 0.2g worked bone) . Pathology: infection - T; op - lC,stemum, right acetabulum, right distal humerus, dista l femur; ex o - patell ae; pitting sternum. (ii) Adult (H~100 years); male?? Wt 18.2g. (iii) Adult (18-100 years); unsexed. Wt 1.643.lg (including 839.7g animal bone and 3.3g worked bone and ivory). Pathology: cyst foot phalanx. Cremated animal bone Horse; cattle; sheep/goat; pig. Charcoal Betula sp. (xxx). Primus avium I padus (xx). Alnus sp. (x). Pyre goods 1 Copper alloy; escutcheon distorted by h eat. L. 25mm, W. 31.mm. 2 Copper alloy; two sheet fragmen ts, also one other fragm ent. 3 Lead alloy; plug. L. 37mm. 4 Tron; hobnail. 5 Tron; nail (2 including small shank fragment) found in cremated. bone. 6 Iron; nail (2including fragment). r Bone veneer type: A7.l. 8 Bone. Worked fragment. 9* Bone; rods (2). Square-sectioned, one complete, 60mm in length. Along one edge of these rods a deep slot has been cut. 10 Ivory; fragmentary; split into small curving strips. Grave goods 11* B01. Wt. 850g. RE 100, BE 100 (BC/BX). A complete BBl jar wi.th everted rim not exceeding the maximum girth, with an obtuse la ttice zone on the girth with a groove above. Heavily burnt orange. The original records suggest a deliberate hole in the sid e of the vessel although this is no longer dear. CJ. Gillam (1976) nos 7-8, early to mid third-century. c. A.O. 240-270. 12* ROI. Wt. 395g. RE 41 (BC/BY). A constrictednecked jar with flanged rim and wavy line decoration on the neck and g irth, and a notched cordon at the base of the neck. Probably north -wes tern, p erhaps later second to mid third-century. 13" FOL Wt. 210g. RE 95, BE 100 (BC/CD). A tall indented beaker in Trier Rhenish ware. CJ Gillam (1970) type 46, A.O. 220-260. c. A.O. 200-260. 14* FOL Wt. 85g. RE85, BE 100 (BC/BZ).Asmall, globular indented beaker in Trier Rhenish ware. CJ Gillam (1970) type 45, c. A.D. 190250. c. /\.D. 200-260 {FIG. 8.6). 15* S20. Wt. 775g. RE 100, BE 100 (BC/CA) . Form 31R, complete, Central Gaulish, with 117 118 THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA 1¼ u ｾ＠ 11 13 12 100 mm ｾ＠ () FIG. 4.91 16 Grave goods from urned cremation burial 102. 14 15 JNVENTORY OF TifE DEPOSITS () • ® 0 FIG. 4.92 16* 17* 119 • 7 &P~~•el:tl~~nr~ 17 25mm ｾ＠ I 9 • 9 Pyre and grave goods from umcd cremation burial 102. footring slightly worn and th e pot not eroded. Stamped QVADRATI • (Die la) by Quad ratus of Lezoux_ This potter m ade forms 31R, 79 and 80. His stamps occur at Malton (after c. A.O. 160), Newcastle fort and Wallsend (in the equivalent of Period Ib) . c. A.O. 160-200. S20. W t. 825g. RE 100, BE 100 (BC/CB). Central Gaulish. Form 37, complete, from a mould stamped BAN VI retrograde (Die 1a, vertically among the decoration). The simple design o f repeated panels shows: i) Cupid (D.229/O.383); ii) Bacchus (0.583 before the arm was broken on the punch); iii) warrior (similar to, but smaller than D.394/O.204), in a medallion; iv) dog to right (O.191 5A). In one panel the Bacchus is replaced by the stamp . Banu us worked a t both Lezouxand Lubie. This bowlis typical of his work at Lezoux, in fa bric and in being thick, heavy and roughly made. Both the border and the ovolo (Rogers B159) a re overstruck. The other m otifs comprise an eight-petalled rosette (Rogers C165), an asn:agalus (probably Rogers R24) and the edge of a leaf (Rogers H69). The footring shows little, if any, wear and still has grit from the kiln sticking to it. Bowls with this stamp are known from Carrawburgh and Chesterholm in contexts implying a d ate after A.O. 160. c. A.O. 170-200_ Glass; cylindrical cup in c. 100 fragments_ Colourless with pearly iridescent, heavily Weathered surfaces; wall thi ckness n ow much reduced. Vertical rim, edge firethkke ned; straight side with rounded ~ination to wide lower body; pushed-in, tn~ermittently tubular base ring; flat base with circular trail with pontil scar applied to underside. H t. 57mm, rim diameter 70Smm, base d iameter 39mm, wall thickness 0.5-1mrn. (BC/CE). Previously published as Cool 1990, fig. 1.10. Finds of uncertain status 18 R08. Wl. 145g. RE 46, BE 100 (BC/ BZ). This has the correct code for this burial but it is not mentioned in the original records, and it may well n ot have come from this burial. lnterpretation Urned cremation burial with redeposited pyre debris in fill. 104 1967/23 PHASEl Plan FIG. 4.93. Description No detailed records extant. Circular bowl-shaped pit (diameter 0.61m) with dark fill . Pyre goods 1 Iron; nail (2 fragni.ents) . Finds of uncertain status 2 S30. Wt. 15g. RE 10. Form 31 rim fragment, East Gaulish (Trier). Late second or thirdcentury_ Interpretation Uncertain. 105 1967/22 PHASE2 Plan FlG. 4.93; details FIG. 4.94. Description No detailed records extant. Circular pit (diameter 0.46m ). Crem ated bone not specifically stated to have been in jar (8) though this described as urn. Relationships: cut into F23. Cremated human bone Two groups whose original locatjons a re unknown . (ii) charcoalstained and may be from fiU. (i) Adult (25-40 yea rs); fema le. Wt. 460.3 124 16 17 JS 19 20 21 22 23* THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA R03. Wt. 53g. (BC/AT). Eleven bodysherds from a jar, some sooted. Very similar to sherds from 218.1. R04. Wt. 2g. (BC/WC). A Crambeck greyware bodysherd. c. A.O. 285+. R07. Wt. 36g. RE 12 (BC/AT). Fragments from the rim and shoulder of a greyware constricted-necked jar with bi fid rim. Perhaps early to mid third-century; 001. Wt. 7g. (BC/WC). Three bodysherds. Second to third centtuy. GOl. Wt. 6g. (BC/WC). A hand-made bodysherd. Third to fourth-century. F03. Wt. 1g. RE 6 (BC/WC). A fragment of Nene Valley colour-coated ware bag beaker rimsberd with simple rim. CJ Howe et al. (1980) nos 44-5, later second to mid thirdcentury. S20. Wt. 5g. (BC/WC). A dish bodysherd, Central Gaulish, Antonine. S20. Wt. 24g. (BC/AT). Form 37 fragment, Central Gaulish. See 82.7. A.O. 150-80. Interpretation Redeposited pyre debris. 107 1967/12 PHASE2 Plan FIG. 4.91; detajls FIGS 4.96, 4.97i see also FIG. .S.19. Description Rectangular/sub-oval pit (c. 1.13 x 0.8m). Cremated human bone from jar (6) which was set at a lower level than the rest of the vessels. Possibly thismdicatesit was set in a depression in the base, cf 285. Glass cup (9) placed inside bowl (8). Cremated human bone Adult (25-45 years); unsexed. Wt. 747g (including Sg worked bone). Pathology: exo - patellae; op - 1st rnetatar.saJ. Copper alloy stains on thoracic body. Charcoal Betu.la sp. (*). Pyre goods 1* Copper a1Joy; mount (2 fragments). 2* Copper alloy; sheet(24fragments) distorted by heat and rivet. 3 Iron; nail (9 including fragments). 4 Bone veneer types: A2.2; A4.l. 5 Bone worked fragment. Grave goods 6* 7* BOl. Wt. 1750g. RE 57, BE 73 (BC/AZ). A largely complete BBl jar with everted rim the diameter of which is exceeded by the maximum girth, with obtuse burnished lattice zone on the girth with a groove above. Cf Gil lam (1976) nos 7-8f early to mid thirdcentury. c. A.D. 240-270. S20. Wt. 825g. RE 100, BE 100. Form 37, compJete, with a footring which is slightly 8* 9 10* worn . A mould-stamp of Do(v)eccus DOIICCI (Die Sa), is placed among th~ decoration. The stiff, repeating panel arrangement shows only one figure and a minimum of decorative details. Each quarter of the de.sign is divided into four panels containing from left to right: i) a l<Wge leaf (Rogers H17) within a beaded medallion (Rogers E8), the stem represented by an astragalus (?Rogers R18). This oce.urs on form 37 from Kenchester, from a mol!ild stamped with the same die as lhe Brougham bowl. ii) A composite motif (Rogers Q6), incorporating twin dolphins (0.2407.A.), above a tall horizontally placed leaf (Rogers. H134); iiia) a leaf within a beaded festo0n (Rogers F34), which also occurs on form 37 from York (Stanfield and Simpson 1958, pl. 151, 55) and on another Do(v)eccus bowl from Brougham (273.14, leaf only).; tiib) a marine monster to lef.t (D.38/0.46). For the ovolo and the space~fillers, cf Stanfield and Simpson 1958, fig. 44. The footring, which is only slightly worn, was badly attached t0 the bowl and has become detached from it. Do(v)eccus worked at Lezoux in i:he mid to J'a,te-Antonine period. Bowls from moulds stamped with the same die as this piece occur in Chesters Museum (from Hadrians Wail), Malton, Papcastle and South Shields. c. A.O. 165-200. S20. Wt. 650g. RE 96, BE 85 (BC/BB). Twenty fragments and a number of chips giving iJ complete form 36, Central Gaulish. The footring is slightly worn. Mid-Antonine. Glass: cylindrical cup in c. 400 fragments and spl inters. Colourless; .some sma'll bubbles; much strain-cracking at rim and base. Almost certainly originally as 186:8. Wall thickness 0.5mm. (BC/BA). Copper alloy and enamel; patera. Riff!. diameter 92mm, handle L. 80mm. (BC/SC). This was analysed in 1989 by Justine Bayley who contributes the note below. The item had previously been conserved following excavation but no report on the work done then survives in the archive. Previou.sly published as Butcher 1977, 45, fig. 2. (FIG. 8.19). The patera is in a generally good state_ of preservation though a small amount of restorat10n was undertaken when it was conserved. It comprises three original parts, the handle, the b~ and the main part of the bowl which was enamell e d. These parts were all analysed qualitatively by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF). 125 INVENTORY OF Tt-lE DEPOSITS 6 . ~ • 0 FIG, 4.96 1 2 25 mm Pyre and g.ave goods from umed cremation burial 107. \ 126 ·tHE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA The ana1yses suggest that the handle and main part of the bowl are of a very similar compositidn, a bronze {copper plus tin) containing up to a few percent of zinc and lead. The base is of a broadly similar composition/ though with relatively less tin and lead detected. This apparent difference may be due to the varying surface finish of the three parts in their present1 partly corroded state rather than to real differences in the composition of .their uncorroded metal cores. The handle shows clear, corrosion-etched dendrites in some areas, indicating that it w:as cast. Possible dendritic structures are also visible on the other two parts, as might be expected, though the evidence of their being cast is more circumstantial. The base has three closely spaced pairs of concentric circles ,a nd a central spot cut into its slightly concave outer surface. These may have been present on the mould but are more likely to have been cut when the casting was cleaned up on a lathe of some sort as they are of varying depths. Finds of vessel moulds from Castleford, W. Yorkshire (Bayley and Budd 1998, 203-22) indicate that the fields for the enamel would have been cast rather than cut later. In some areas where the enamel has bffn lost, it can be seen that the casting was deaned up before being enamelled as distinct tool marks are visible on the base of the fields. The saw-tooth edge of many of the larger fields may also represent working of the solid metal to provide a better key for the enamel. The enamelled design has been described as a scroll with stylised leaves (Butcher 1977). Three opaque colours (red1 blue and turquoise) were used in the pattern which repeats four times around the vessel with the same colours used in the same areas each time. Most fields contain only a single colour of enamel though in one element of the design red and turquoise are juxtaposed, but the contact is a.t a ve.ry constricted part of the field. No attempt was made to determine the composition of the enamel but comparison with previously analysed Roman enamels suggests that the red colour was most probably produced by copper in a reduced state in a lead-contairung enamel, the turquoise by copper in an oxidised state in a low lead or lead-free enamel and the blue by cobalt (Bateson and Hedges 1975; Biek et al 1980). The base was originally attached to the enamelled part of the patera by three thin copperalloy rivets/ of which. parts now survive. The handle was soldered in place but only vestiges of the solder have survived both burial and conservation. No analysis was attempted but appearances suggest it was a lead-tin solder. This may be the original joining material or may represent a repair made in antiquity. The original. join would, however, have been a solde.r of some sort as there are no traces of. .rivets ever having been used and no suggestion that a handle was cast in one with tbe bowl and subsequently broke • • • '1 necess1 tatmg a repair. The patera had been repaired in antiqui~ befo.re it was buried. A small sheet-metal patch was riveted in place near the bottom ·edge of the rtlain part of the vessel, below the band of enamelled decoration. This could not be analysed but its patina suggests it is of similar composition to tba,t of the rest of the vessel. (JB). This patera belongs to a family of enamelled vessels of which the patera or skillet for:m is the commonest. As Moore (1978) has shown, the enam el led zone was generally one of tmee different patterns. The Brougham patera has a: different decorative scheme but is very sitnilar with respect to its profile to the West Lothian variant (Moore 1978, 321 fig. 2.2; see especially the cup from Braughing: Potter 19831 54 fig. 54). Both have a concavity below the r'im ending in a plain moulding above the enamelled zone, and a sha:rplf defined concavity above the foot . The West Lothian variant has a running scroll pattern of vine leaves with similar leaves on the handle where those ate extant. Vine leaves too seem to have inspired th.e Brougham pattern. These enamelled paterae have rarely been found in closely dated contexts, and the dating proposed has tended to rely on art historical considerations of the enamelled patterns, with it being suggested that the West Lothian and Vehnor Moo.r -variants were earlier than the Rudge cup style (Moore 1978, 325). The Rudge cup style includes one secure indicatiort of its date as some examples name forts along the western sector of Hadrian's Wall and have a crenellcJted pattern depicting the wallitself (Moore 1978, 321, fig. 2.1; RIB II, 21 56, no. 2415.53). Tiwse can scarcely have been made before the wall and the forts were constructed, so a date in the later 120s A.D. at the earliest would be appropriate for that style, and given the length of time it may have taken to build the wall and forts, the workshop or workshops could still have been active in the lafe-Hadrianic period. Amid secondcentury production date would be appropriate for a mould fragment which'it is suggested may hav:e been for .the ha11dle of an enamelled patera as this was recovered from the fortress baths drain deposit at Caerleon dated to A.O. 160-230 (B00n 1986). Another useful dating 'indicator is provided bythe Castleford moulds which were for other styles of enamelled vessels including canteens and beaker forms (Bayley and Budd 1998, 203-20). They cotne from a context that is very closely stratified within the c. A.D. 85-95 period (Cool and Philo 1998, 35&-9) 1 127 INVENTORY OF THE DEPOSITS - WlJJ!jJ/JlllJ - 0 FIG. 4.97 50mm Enamelled patera from urned cremation burial 107. THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA 128 and show that the industry mu st i-,av e been established by then, confimung Moore's belief that some of the patera, including the West Lothian variant, could have been made as early as the last quarter of the first century (Moore 1978, 325). We can suggest, the,-efore, that the industry making enamelled vessels was active during the last quarter of the first century and the first quarter of the second century, and that production could have continued into the middle of the second century. If Moore is correct in his supposition that the West Lothian style belongs to the earlier part of the production, then the similarities of profile that the Brougham cup has with that variant should argue that it too was early. Given the date of 107, a conservative estimate of the age of the patera when it was deposited in the grave would be over 100 years, and it could easily have been over 150 years old. Bayley has noted above that it had been repaired in antiquity, but other than that it seems to have been carefully looked after and was obviously a treasured possession. This longcuration in what may well have been a military family is of some interest as there is a small body of evidence that enamelled vessels may have been a military production. The depiction of the western end of Hadrian's Wall on the Rudge Cup patera variant obviously suggests an interest in army matters. The Castleford enamelled vessels were certainly made under n:iilitary supervision and the Caerleon mou Id also came from a military setting. (HEMC). Interpretation Umed cremation burial with redeposited pyre debris in fill. 1 o FIG. 4.98 5 40mm Knife from pyre debris deposit 109. 001. Wt. 5g. (BC/DA). An oxidfsed bodysherd, burnt. Second to third-CeJltuty. Interpretation Redeposited pyre debris. 109 1967/37 UNPHASED Plan FLG. 4.93; details FIG. 4.98. Description No detailed records extant. Shape not established in upper levels but described as a circular pit when fully excavated (diameter 1.02m, depth 0.41-0.46m below present ground surface) , Relationships: described as being 'on southern edge' of F23. Cremated human bone Adult (13-100 years); unsexed. Wt. 32.7 (including 0.4g worked bone). Bone charcoal-stained. Cremated animal bone Sheep/goat. Charcoal Fraxinus sp. (*). Pyre goods P Iron; knife, burnt. L. 187mm, W. 28mm. Iron; nail (16 plus fragments). 2 3 Bone veneer types: Al; A2.2; A4.2; A7.l; D. 4 B01. Wt. 15g. (BC/DA). Three extreme ly burnt BB1 bodysherds, two with obtuse l attice decoration. Third to mid fourthcentury; 112 1967/111 UNPHASED Plan FIG. 4.93; details FTG. 4.99. Description Primary pit: sub-square with shallow extension to SE (diameter 0.6lm)- Fill: hard-pa~ked stone layer at base in northern part; dark brown fill in comers with tip line of charcoal and burnt bone sinking down towards base with mixture~ subsoil and natural gravel at top. Secondary ~it cylindrical cut through all three layers, and ro~g'. into natural at base through basal cobbhng (cUarueter 0.36m). Fill: light brown with red gravel, fragments of charcoal, and charcoal and ash' stained cobbles assumed to be from basal layer. Cremated human bone Adult (18-100 years}~ unsexed. Wt. 44.2g. Bone slightly charcoal-stained.Charcoal Betula sp. (*). Pyre goods 1 Copper alloy; fragment found in d 1ate0al sample. Interpretation Emptied. 165 INVENTORY OF THE DEPOSITS Grave goods 1* B01. Wt. 950g. RE 75, BE 21 (BC/NT). A BBl jar, comp lete except for the base, with everted rim of lesser d iame ter than the maximu m girth, with obtuse la ttice zone with. groove ab ove, exterior sooted. CJ. Gillam (1976) nos 7-8, early to mid thirdcentury. c. A.D. 240- 270. Interpretation Umed crem a tion burial. 5 100 mm 0 FIG. 4.151 Urn from umed cremation burial 183. Cremate d human bon e Infant- juvenile (0.5- 6 years); unsexed. Wt. 0.Sg. Grave goods 1* 801. Wt. 435g. BE 100 (BC/NU). Fragments comprising p art of the profile of a BB l jar with obtuse lattice zon e (without groove). Third to mid fourth-century. 2* F0l. Wt. 80g. RE 64, BE 100 (BC/NT). Most of a tall-necked ind ented Trier Rhenish beaker. CJ. Gillam (1970) type 46, A.D. 220260. c. A.D. 200-260. Interpretation Urned cremation burial or special 1 0 FlG. 4.153 100 mm Urn from urned crem ation burial 185. vessel deposit. 186 1967/245 PHASE2 Plan FIG. 4.91; details FlG. 4.154. D e scrip tion Rectangular cist with sandstone capping stone (0.51 x 0.42m; m ajor axis W /E). Fill: d ark brown . Cremated b ones from (5), (6 and 7) dishes stacked inside each o ther, exact location of (5) and glass vessels (8 an d 9) within cist not sta ted. Crem ated h uman bone Adult (18-100 years); unsexed. Wt. 24g. Charcoal Betula sp. (*). 1 O FIG. 4.152 184. 2 100 mm Grave goods from umed crem ation b urial 'Pyre g oods 1 Copp er alloy; sheet, folded fragment. 2 3 4 Grave goods 5* l SS 1967/184 PHASE 2 Plan FIG. 4.93; details FIG. 4.1 53. Desc · ti Copper alloy; strip. Iron; nail (3). Bone; bead. Diameter 18mm, L. 10mm. . fr np on Pit edge not d efined. Crem ated bone om (l), jar wedged by stones at base. Cremated human bone JuveniJe-subadult (5-18 Yeats); unsexed. Wt. 6.1g. Iron staining on long bone. B01. Wt. 875g. RE 40, BE 100 (BC/OY). A 881 jar w ith everted rim th e diameter of which d oes not exceed the maximum girth w ith obtuse lattice zone on the gir th (no groove). The rim and several girth sh erds are heavily burnt and the rim. is sooted. Cf Gillam (1976) no. 8, mid third -century. Possibly c. A.O. 230-260. 166 THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA -- 0 0.5m ｾ＠ 5 Y1 I ( 9 t>0XJ I () r \ '- 6 8 () FIG. 4.154 6* 7* Plan and grave goods from umed cremation burial 186. B01. Wt. 560g. RE 100, BE 100 (?BC/OZ). A complete B81 simple-rimmed dish with intersecting arc decoration on the wall and intersecting circles on the base, sooted. In the centre of the base-is a heavily incused graffito 'N' retrograde. A.D. 180-350. R03. Wt. 580g. RE 84, BE 100 (BC/OZ). A nearly complete B82-copy dish with beaded 8* undercut rim interior and exterior burnished. Probably later second to mid third-century. _ 'th Glass; cylindrical cup in 25 fragme~ts Wl large parts oflower body missing. Very pale green-tinged colourless; small bubbles: a few streaky green impurities; mu~ 5tr~ cracking. Vertical rim, edge fire-thicken ,. INVENTORY OF THE DEPOSITS 167 Grave goods RlS. Wt. 450g. RE 79, BE 100. A greyware 1• BB-copy jar with everted rim of smaller diameter than the maximum girth with an acute lattice zone on the wall. Cf Gillam (1976) no. 8, m id third-century. c. A.O. 180260. 2• FOJ. Wt. 105g. RE 71, BE 100. Most of a necked globular Trier Rhenish ware beaker, c. A.D. 200-260. 1 o 2 100 mm 188 FlG. 4.155 Vessels from vessel deposit 187. straight side with carination to wide lower body; solid push ed-in base ring; flat base with solid blob (central part missing) applied to underside with ponti l scar. Heavy wear on base ring and outer edge of rim. Minimum Ht. 50mm, rim diameter 75mm, b as e d iameter 3 9 mm, wall thickness 1mm. Later second to mjd thirdcentury. Glass; cylindrical cup in c. 120 fragments. Blue/green small bubbles; black impurity in rim and streaky greenish one in base. Slightly ou t-tumed rim, edge fire-thickened; straight side with rounded carination to convex-curved lower body; tubular pushedin base ring tooled to form high foot-stand; base concave at centre then convex with central domed kick. Circular pontil scar. Vessel slightly asymmetrical especially over angle of lower body. Ht. 63mm, rim diameter 90mm, base diameter 51mm, wall thickness 1mm, pontil scar diameter 13mm. Previously published as Cool 1990, fig. 2.7. Third-century. NB This vessel can only be attributed to this burial with caution. It is labelled as coming both from this burial and from a context that would be an unstratified surface find. 9" ~ terpretation Urned cremation burial, possibly * th redeposited pyre debris in fill. 1 187 Interpretation Vessel deposit or 'memorial'. 1967/AB2 PHASE 3 Plan PIG. 4.93; details FlG. 4.155. Des cnp~1on · · Shallow pit (diameter 0.3m, depth 0.2 .m.). Fill: no traces of 'black soil', bone or other ~Vidence of cremated material. NB Fou nd by J.D. agg after fina l machine cleaning of site who recorded contents as being crushed by this process. 1967/272 UNPHASED Plan FIG. 4.93. D escription Records limited. Small pit. Fill: dark brown. Cremated bones from (1) which is described as covered by sandstone slab. Cremated huma n bon e Infant-ju venile (3-6 years); unsexed. Wt. 76.7g. Grave goods 1 B01. Wt. 80g. RE 2 (BC/QZ). Twenty-two BBl ja r bod ysherd s including one rim fragment. Hadrianic to mid fourth-century. Interpretation Urned cremated burial. 189 1967/268 PHASE 2 Plan FIGS 4.93, 4.149; details PTG. 4.156. D escription Extent of pit not defined, deposit close to large erratic. Vessels recovered from ' disturbed brown soil', only lower parts of vessels extan t suggesting truncated by machine or plough. Cremated bone probably from (1). Cremate d human bon e Infant (0.5-4 years); unsexed. Wt. 1.2g. Grave goods 1" F02. Wt. 110g. BE 100 (BC/PZ). The lower half of a glob ular beaker in a heavily fired oxidised fabric. The girth is decorated with alternating slit folds and dimples. Cf Howe et al. (1980) no. 52, fourth century; Gillam (1970) types 52 and 54, A.D. 250-300. 2,. Glass; spherical flask; body and base in 33 fragments; all of neck and rim and parts of base and body missing. Blue/green; many bubbles, some large;- streaky surfaces. Globular body tooled at junction with narrow neck; concave base. Heavy wear on base. Present Ht. 103mm, base diameter 51mm, neck diameter c. 20mm, wall thickn ess 1m m. Mid thlrd to early fourthcentury. Interpretation Urned. cremation burial. THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA 168 191 0 -~ 1 ｾ＠ o.___ _ _1_0__.o mm 6* 2 Crave goods froi:n umed cremation burial 189. FIG. 4.156 PHASE 3 Plan FIGS 4.93, 4.149; details FTG. 4.157. Description Extent of pit not defined, covered by sandstone slab (slab 0.48 x 0.4m; major axis N/S) Fill: dark brown, vessels wedged by stones: Cremated bones from (4). Cremated human bone Adult (30-45 years} female. Wt. 197.2g (including 9.8g worked bone)'. Pathology: abscess - maxillary endosteal new bone - radius. (Copper-alloy staining distal femur). Pyre goods 1 Iron; nail. 2 Iron; nail shank from cremated bone. 3 Bone veneer types: Al; A5.3. Grave goods 4 B0l. Wt. 610g. RE 36, BE 17 (BC/QO). Six rimsherds, three base sherds and numerous bodysherds from a B.Bl jar with a strongly everted rim, perhaps of greater diameter than the maximum girth with an obtuse lattice zone on the girth with a groove above, exterior sooted. Cf. Gillam (1976) nos 1214, early to mid fourth-century. Perhaps c. 5* () 1967/269 A.D. 270-350. F01. Wt. 160g. RE 60, BE 100 (BC/QM). A globular-necked beaker in Trier Rhenish ware. Cf Gillam (1970) type 44, A.O. 190240. c. A.D. 200- 260. S20. Wt. 975g. RE 61, BE 100 (BC/QL). Twenty-two fragments (including SS seep. 258) join to give most of a large form 37 stamped SERVM retrograde amo.ng the decoration. This is a stamp of Servus iv of 5 ｾ＠ oL--_ _ _1_0...... 0 mm () FIG. 4 .157 Grave goods from umed cremation burial 191. 6 INVENTORY OF THE DEPOSITS 173 / / ~ 0 ｾ＠ 7 FIG. 4.162 • ｾ＠ FIG. 4.161 2* 5 o,_____1_00_,mm Finds from pyre debris deposit 196. BO!. Wt. 77g. RE 11 (BC/NI). A BBl jar rimsherd, slightly burnt, and three burnt bodysherd s, possibly from the same vessel, sooted. CJ. Gillam (1976) nos 8-9, mid to later third-century. The bodysherds have an obtuse lattice zone and groove above this. c. A.D. 250-300. Grave goods 3• B01. W t . 400g. RE 5, BE 100 (BC/NI). A rirnsherd with an everted rising rim and most of the profile of a BBl jar (in a rather finer fabric than is usual), d ecorated with an obtuse lattice zone (without groove). Cf Gill am (1 976) nos 7- 9, third-cent ury. Probably c. A.O. 200/220- 260. I~terpretation Umed cremation burial, possibly with redeposited pyre d ebris in fill. 198 1967/199 UNPHASED ~an FIG. 4.149; details FIGS 4.164, 4.165, 4.166. an~cription Sh allow oval pit half-sectioned on site southern h alf lifted entire (0.7 x 0.65m; major View of deposit 196; scale in inches. axis N/S). Fill: originally d escribed as 1 jet black'. Southern half excavated in controlled conditions from base up (seep. 305 and FIG. 4.164). Level 1: removal of loose material. Level 2: loose soil matrix of compact reddish brown silty clay with c. 5% subrounded stones and occasional charcoal flecks. Level 3: compact reddish brown silty clay with occasional charcoal flecks. Levels 4-7: dense charcoal with cremated bone and artefactual bone, with compact reddish brown silty clay centrally (Level Sa) in SW. Cremated human bone Adult (18-100 years); unsexed. Wt. 603.2g (including 5.9g animal and 298.lg worked bone). Cremated animal bone Sheep/goat, dog, domestic chicken . Charcoal See TA BLE 4.2. Pyre goods 1 Composite; edge of worked bone roundel with hobnail corroded to it, L6 E. 2* Copper alloy; cauldron rim fragments (4); rim fragments (3), excavated 1967. 3 Copper alloy; shank, excavated 1967. 4 Copper alloy; ri veted sheet fragments, excavated 1967. 5 Copper alloy; stud, excavated 1967. Copper alloy; fragments from L1 W, L2 NE, 6 L3 NW, L4 NE, L4 SE, LS A, L6 A, L6 B, L6 D and L6 E, and 13 from half of d eposit excavated in 1967 including riveted sheet and molten material. 174 THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMB.RlA Plan • 6a A6b -- Q6 0 O.Sm Section AA:. E 2 Section BB' ·~· · 9 10 ｾ＠ 0 250 """ FIG. 4.164 Plan and section of pyre debris deposit 198 excavated in 2000. 3 2 Plan and urn from urned cremation 197. 11* 7 8 e· w ,. FIG. 4.163 - A' Iron; knife shoulder p late. L. 16mm, L6 A. Tron; 130 hobnails. From L1 E (10); L1 W (2); l2 NE (6); L2 NW (1); L2 SE (3); L2 SW (3); L3 SW (4); L3 NE (2); L3 NW (l); L4 NE (5); L4 SE (3); L4 SW (1); L5 A (5); L5 C (2); L6 A (5); L6 B (4); L6 C (10); L6 D (16); L6 F (3); remainder excavated 1967. Iron; 36 small n ails. From L2 SE (2); L3 NW (2); L3 SW (2); L4 N E (6 burnt); L 6A {l); L 60 (11 burnt); L6E (7); L7 (l); plus 4 excavated 1967. Iron; nails. From L1 E (5); L1 W (2); L2 SW (1); L4 SE (4); L4 NW (2); LS C (2 burnt); L6 B {l); L6 C (2); plus 8 including fragments excavated 1967. Bone veneer types: A1.l; A2.1; A4.l; A4.2 (FIG. 4.165, nos lli- j); A4.4; AS.3 (FIGS 4.166, no. 11 p; 4.166, no. l1u);A7.l (FIG. 4.166, nos llu- ag); A7.2; A7.3; A 7.5 (FIG. 4.166, nos llr-t); A 7.6 (FIG. 4.166, nos 1 l af-g); A7.9; 81.1 (FIGS 4.165, n os llk- 1; 4.166, nos llmo, q); C2.l; E2.l {FTC. 4.165, n os lld-e); F {FIG. 4.165, nos 11a-c, l lf-g); G. TABLE 4.2: CHARCOAL SAMPLE FROM 198 Taxon >4mm fraction 50% n o. of £rags Weight (g) Betilla sp. 3 Alnus sp. cf Alnus sp. Corylus sp. 17 1 1 0.904 0.736 0.032 0.042 P<,pulus/Salix sp. cf Populus/Salix sp. 1 Fraxinus sp. 2 Indeten:runa te Total 1 26 >2mm fraction 6.25% no. of frags Weight (g) 1 5 0.005 0.066 1 0.006 3 0.035 0.061 0.046 2 0.034 0.015 1.856 12 0.126 INVENTORY OF 1HE DEPOSITS 175 @gti8 - ｾ＠ 2 I 16 -- 17 - 20 "'11b I I G .. " ,, :-::;J 11c 11a ｾ＠ _. '. ' ｾ＠ .· ｾ＠ I I I I ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ 11e 11d ~~=-=~===(~e~_~=:;,~'ｾ＠ wu.__· ｾＭ＠ --~- -c;a r -- :---::s --:· 1 o 11i 11h 25 mm ｾ＠ Jg 11j FIG. 4.165 11g 11f Pyre goods from pyre debris deposit 198. 11k 111 THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAivt, CUMBRIA 176 ·~ 11n I v .=. : ~ 11m I (!@-.JOGJ:'.:J 110 ~ I ~ ~ -e--::::; 11r 11v U 1, - ''-f - '__:_--1.:.i..J, ｾ＠ 1 .---------'-£.-...;."'L ' ' :<:: ' '" __.....ul.W ｾ＠ ="'? L-:,.- ~ "J. p=: 3 ,.J :. . . ·-l 1·· 'f 11y 11t 11z I q:~," -:-rs5~ I l'f ~.___- -_ ｾ＠ 11W I 11X t;;:@ l ' ~', 1 __,_, 7 - -"'.,i ----<-...,, ,/ ....... ,! _ 11u !W ·'®51 I ｾ＠ｾ＠ 11ab 11aa 11ae 11ac I I O FIG. 4.166 ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ q 11q 11p 25mm Pyre goods from pyre debris deposit 198. ｾ＠ｾ＠ 11af 11ag 177 rNVENTORY OF THE DEPOSITS Bone; scabbard slide. Small fragment, L6 D. Bone; roundel. Edges of two with ring-anddot decoration. Bone; handle. Two fragments with chevron 1.4 design. Bonei three fragments of unide'ntified 15 worked object. 16~ Antler; roundel fragment. Central ring-anddot, plain border. l7" Antler; roundel, almost complete. Central ring-and-dot with radia! grooving around edge. Diameter 32mm, thickness 6mm. 18 Antler; roundel fragment from edge of example as 17 (16 E). 19 Antler; roundel, complete. Ring-and-dot centrally and moulding around border. zot Antler; roundeli approximately two-thlr.ds of roundel with double ring-and-dot centrally and broken bordering moulding. Diameter 35mm, thickness 11mm, 16 D. 21 Antler; roundel, apparently complete as 19. Diameter 59mm, thickness 10mm (L4 NW). Possibly central part of an antler roundel pendant of Greep (1994) type 3. 22 Antler; roundel, approximately half extant, central ring-and-dot and bordering moulding diameter c. 40mm, thickness 14mm, UNE. 23 Antler; roundel fragments from examples with edge moulding, L6 D; L6 E. 24 Antler; roundel fragment, decorated with ring-and-dot. 25 Antler; roundel fragments, L4NE, L6 B. 26 Glass; vessel. Ten blue/green body fragments showing vi rtually no evidence of heat distortion. L1 W (1) 12 SE (2); L2 SW (l); L4 SW (1); LSC (1) L6B (1) L6C (2) L6E (4). 2.7 Glass; vessel. c. 90g blue/green melted lumps including water-rounded lumps. L1 E (9); L1 W (>lg); L2 SW (lg); L2 SE (lg); L3 NW (lg); L3 NE (3g); L3 SW (lg) L4 SE (12g); L4 NE (14g) L4 NW (lg); L5 A (2g); L6 A (l g); 16 C (12g); L6 D (21g); L6 E (9g); L7 (lg). 28 Glass; blue/green, c. 200g. Majority melted into rounded lumps, trails and drops fused with crema ted bone but includes 24 recognisable body fragments showing varying degrees of heat action. Body fragments convex-curved decorated with a zone of a minimum of six abraded horizontal bands. One fragment may be from e dge of concave base showing evidence of wear. Dimension (largest fragment) 29 x l6mm1 wall thickness 2mm. Excavated 1967. 12 13 lnterpretation Redeposited pyre debris. 199 1967/185 UNPHASED Plan FIG, 4.149; details FIG. 4.167. Description Trapezoidal cist of ·three sandstone slabs, lacking slab on northern side, large erratic alongside north-western edge (0.57 x 0.46m; major axis N/S). Fill: light brown with occasional stone and some charcoal (discarded) ' inside grave' (layer 1). Layer 2 described as ' outside grave' and may be unstratified. Cremated human bone Adult (18-100 years); unsexed. Wt. 3.5g. Pyre goods l Glassi vessel. Blue/greenbody fragments (3) found in cremated bone. 2 S20. Wt. 5g. Three Central Gaulish scraps1 two, burnt, from the same vessel. Secondcentury. Finds of uncertain status 3 W02. Wt. 43g. (BC/ME, layer 1). Tirirty-two bodysherds from a jar or beaker in Nene Valley parchment ware with red painted bands. Second to third-century. 4 BOL Wt. 5g. (BC/ME, layer 1). Three BB1 jar bodysherds, one with obtuse lattice decoration and sooted. Third to mid fourthcentury. 5 ?R03. Wt. 13g. (BC/ME, layer 1). A greyware base bodysherd. 6 W02. Wt. 2g. (BC/MF, layer 2). A whiteware bodysherd. Interpretation ?Redeposited pyre debris. ....... · ..._- .·. .... : . . . . . ·.... . . . . .. . . .. .- . --- - - - O FIG. 4.167 200 0.5m Plan of possible pyre debris deposit 199. 1967/186 PHASE 'l Plan FIG. 4.149; details FIG. 4.168. Description No pit identified. Vessels wedged in place by stones. Cremated bones from (1) , 191 INVENTORY OF THE DEPOSITS (1 0 FIG. 4.187 Pyre goods from possible pyre debris deposit 226. Pyre goods 1otCopper alloy; sheet fragments (1 deco.rated, 5' plain). 2 Iron; strap or blade, disintegrated. 3 Iron; nail (2). Gxavegoods 4 B01. Wt. 7g. (BC/CW). A BBl bodysherd, I-ladrianic to mid fourth-century. Interpretation Uncertain, possibly redeposited pyre debris. 227 25mm 1967/117 PHASE 2 .Plan FIG. 4.93; details FTGS 4.188, 4.189; see also FIG. 3.10. Description Complex grave pit with cist in SE comerw ith cist walls placed on bone and charcoal layer (pit: 1.14 x 0. 93m; major axis N/S; cist: 0.65 x 0.53m; major axis W/E). Organic lining around all walls of _pit described as' dark charcoal stajns', nails had been hammered through this and into the wall of the pit, especially at the corners. Excavator believed the pit had been lined with basketry. A ' carved stone' was noted, and was drawn as being placed in the N wall of the pit and covered by lining. This does not survive in the archive and no further records were made of it. TI,e deposit was excavated as three separate burials. Pit (original number 1967/117), cist (original number 1967/132t and SW corner with small sandstone slabs to W and E (original number 1967/150). Fill .of pit to N (1967/117): dark sandy soil with scatterings of bone and charcoal. Fill of cist (J967/132): dense black charcoal and sand. Cremated bone from (14t also some cremated bone recovered in till. Bone (17) placed on dish (16). Fill of SW corner (1967/150) described as 'very dark'_ Cremated human bone Six groups from two individuals cremated separatel)'i one individual represented by (i); (ii)-(vi) could all be from second individual. (j) from jar (14), (ii) from dish (16), (iii) and (iv) from fill of cist (1967/132), (v) from fi]J of northern part of pit (1967/117), (vi) from.SE comer (1967/150). (FIG. 6.4). (i) Adult (40-100); male?? Wt. SO.lg. Pathology: exo - iliac and ischial crests. (ii) Adult (18-100 years); unsexed. Wt. 20g (including 0.9g worked bone). (iii) Adult (18-100 years); unsexed. Wt. 29.7g (including melted gla:ss fused to bone, lg worked bone). (iv) Adult (18-100 years); unsexed. (v) Adult (18-100 years); unsexed . Wt. 45.3g (including 1.2g worked bone). (vi) Subadult-adult (15-100 years); llnsexed. Wt_ 7.4g (including 0.2g worked bone). Charcoal Four samples (i) from pit fill 1967/117, (ii) and (iii) from fill of 1967/132, (iv) from .fill of jar (15). (i) Betula sp. (xxx). Quercus sp. (xx). Fast growing. Alnus sp (x). (ii) ConJlus sp. (x). Betula sp. (x). (iii) Betula sp. (x). Alnus sp (x). (iv) Fraxim.1.s sp. (x). Betula sp. (x). Pyre goods T* Copper alloy; bead, ,gadrooned. From SE comer fill 1967/150. Diameter 16mm, L 13mm. 2 Iron; small nail, bu.rnt, from charcoal sample. From cist fill 1967(132. 192 1HE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA 0-(J • 6a 1 6b 6e I I H .•• lC JC..!~ Jf I "'··................................................... --- - - - 0 I ｾ＠ 0.5m 6d I ｾ＠ 6e ｾ＠ \ :-e .:3~ ｾ＠ • 7a FIG. 4.188 3 4 5 6* 7* 8* 7b 7c Plan and pyre goods from umed cremation burial 227. Iron; nail (4 including fragments). From cist fill 1967/132. Iron; miniature bucket pendant with copper-alloy b razing internally and externally. Burnt. Burnt organic material internally, not identifiable. From cist fill l967/J32. DiameterlOmm, Ht. 13mm. Iron; nail (fragment). From SE corner fill 1967/150. Bone veneer types from 1967/117:A3.1 (FIG. 4.188, nos 6a-b); AS.5 (FIG. 4.188, no. 6c); AS.6 (FlG. 4.188, no. 6e); B1.1; B3. Bone veneer types from 1967/132: A4.1 (FIG. 4.188, no. 7a); A4.2; AS.5 (FIG. 4.188, no. 7c); A5.6; A7 (FIG. 4.188, no. 7d); B1.1; B2; C2.l. Glass; bath-flask; one rim, neck and handle fragment, one body fragment and one base fragment. Blue/green; many small bubbles; strain-cracks. Out-bent rim, edge rolled in 9 10 unevenly; short cylindrical neck curvinguul to almost horizontal shoulder; thin-walled convex-curved body and base part of one dolphin handle applied to shoulder, trailed up neck and underside of rim, looped over and down and trailed back up to rim; second handle represented by scar on underside of rim. Circular pontil scar. Slightly heataffected. Present H t. (rim) 9mm/ (base) 22mm; rim diameter 11mm, base diameter 10mm, wall thickness 0.5mm, pontil scat' diameter 7mm. From fill of, or ove{i 196'7/ 132. 801. Wt. Slg. BE 11. Ten sherds from a BB1 jar including one base sherd, all bu.rn!Hadrianic to mid fourth-century. FtroJ!ll pit fill 1967/117. BOL Wt. 115g. BE 21 (BC/JJ, layer 2). base sherds and 19 bodysherds from a BB rw; INVENTORY OF THE DEPOSITS 193 15 1'-, ~ (fJf~(O ~II 'fM _[\\J~ I l ' t ｾ＠ FIG. 4.189 11 12 13 7 r , I ", I 1 I I I I \ I '' I I I I "-~ () 16 0 8 100 mm Pyre and grave goods from umed cremation burial 227. jar with obtuse Lattice zone with groove above. Many sherds are heavily burnt. c. A.D. 240+. From pit fill 1967/117. B01 . Wl. 2g. (layer 1, BC/IV) . Three rimsherds from a BBl jar and one bodysherd with obtuse lattice which might be from the same vessel. The rimsherds show some evidence of slight burning, rim sooted. Cf Gillam (1976) nos 9-10, mid to later thirdcentury. c. A.O. 250-300. From fillof1967/132. BOl. Wt. 73g. (BC/lZ). Two BBl jar rim sherds, sooted. Cf Gillam (1976), nos 911, mid third to early fourth-century_c. A.D. 250-320. Also 22 bodysherds from the jar shoulder and girth, two bodysherds from the girth have obtuse lattice decoration with a groove above and are heavily burnt. The bodysherds might be from the same vessel as the rim. From cist fill of 1967/132. B0l. Wt. 8g. (BC/IY). A very burnt BBl hodysherd. H a drianic to mid fourthCenb.1ry. From cist fill of 1967/132. Grave goods 14* 801. Wt.1125g. RE22, BE 35 (BC/IW). ABBl jar, largely complete, with everted rim the diameter of which does not exceed the maximum girth and an obtuse lattice band on the girth wjth a groove above, sooted and some traces of limescale on the intexjor. Some sherds show evidence of burning on the girth. c. A.D. 240-270. 15" F07. Wt. 875g. RE 100, BE 100 (BC/IY). A flagon (probably Hadham redware) with cupped rim and globular body. 16* S30. Wt. 730g. RE 100, BE 100 (BC/IX). Ten fragments giving a complete form 31R (Sb/ Sh), stamped P ROVlNCIALIS by Provincialis i (Die 2a). This dish is shallower than the Trier examples of the form which were found in the cemetery. It has traces of four lead rivets and the footring is moderately worn. The rouletting on the base is w ithin the position o f the footring. Provincialis worked at Rheinzabe rn, 194 THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA making forms 31R and 32. Late second or third-century. 17 Leg of pork on dish (16). Other finds 18 Iron;nail (60 includes 25 fragments). Some, if not all, of these were probably used to fasten the lining to the sides of the pit. From pit fill 1967/117. Finds of uncertain status 19 001. Wt. 22g. Four sherds from a jar/ constricted-necked jar. Second to third century. From pit fi.U 1967/117. 20 B01. Wt. 325g. RE 57, BE 14 (BC/IF layer 1). Sherds from a BBl jar with everted rim of smaller diameter than the maximum girth which has obtuse lattice zone with a groove above. Cf Gillam (1976) no. 8, mid thirdcentury. Some sherds heavily sooted. c. A.D. 240-270. From pit fill 1967/117. 21 Glass; c. 250 colourless strain-cracked body fragments from fill of 1967/132 (BC/12). Interpretation Urned. cremation burial of one indjvidual with redeposited pyre debris derived from separate cremation of second individuaf. 230 1967/110 PHASE 1 Plan FIG. 4.93; details FlG. 4.190. Description Rectangular sandstone cist placed immediately to E of large erratic boulder (0.76 x 0.46m; major axis NW/SE). Fill: sandy brown soil with some charcoal. Cremated human bone SubaduJt- adult (13- 100 years); u.nsexed. Wt. 2.3g. Charcoal Betula sp. (xx). Alnus sp. (x). Pyre goods 1 Iron; nail (fragment). Finds of uncertain status 2 Glass; fragments recorded in fill but not now identifiable. 3 BOl. Wt. lg. A BBI bodysherd, Hadrianic to mid fourth-century. 4 S20. Wt. Jg. A Central Gaulish jar fragment. Antonine. Interpretation Redeposited pyre debris. 231 1967/118 UNPHASED Plan FIG. 4.93. Description Records limited. Pit (0.84 x 0.48m, 0.25m deep). Fill: brown sandy soil with a few bone and charcoal fragments. Cremated human bone Subadult- adult (13- 100 years); unsexed. Wt 2.lg. -0 FIG. 4.190 0.Sm j Plan of pyre debris deposit 230. Interpretation Uncertain, includes small quantity, of redeposited pyre debris. 232 1967/109 PHASE2 Plan FIG. 4.93; details FIG. 4.191. Description Trapezoidal sandstone cist. NB Discrepancy between drawn and written records. Drawn 0.76 x 0.61m; major axis W/E; writtett 0.91 x 0.66m, depth 0.41m. Fill: dark-brown sandy fill with fragments of bone and charcoal scattered throughout Cremated human bone Adult (21-100 years): unsexed. Wt. 54.3g (including 0.7g WOl'ked bone). Charcoal Betula sp. (xx). Quercus sp. (x). Fast growing. Pyre goods 1 Iron; nail (2 including fragments). 2 Bone veneer type: Al. 3 801. Wt. 20g. RE 10 (BC/HY). Two bodysherds and a jar rim in 13""81, the bodysherds being heavily burnt. For the~ cf Gil.lam (1976) no. 9, mid to later third century. Possibly c. A.D. 250-300. Finds of uncertain status 4 001. Wt. 58g. (BC/HY). Thirteen sherds from a jar or a constricted-necked jar. 5 R02. Wt. 2g. (BC/HY). A bodyshercl. frolll. a North Gaulish beaker. 6* S30. Wt. 180g. RE 44 (BC/HY). Fragme{lts from the wall and. rim of form 36, decoiated, en barbotine, with large and very elongated ivy leaves. East Gaulish (Rheinzaberm). The vessel is approximately on~third complete. Late Antonine or early third-century. 7 FOl. Wt. 8g. RE 36 (BC/HY). Two ri:roshe_.rds and two indented bodysherds front a necked indented Rhenish Trier bei'l1<er. e. A.O. 200-260. THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA 210 \---~=-- -7 4 5 FIG. 4.210 262 6 iOOmm 0 Grave goods from umed cremation burial 258. 1966/43 PHASE3 Plan FIG. 4.14; details FIG. 4.213. Description Records limited. Vessels placed in cist. No indication of where cremated bone origjnated, assumed in jar (3). Cremated human bone Adult (45-100 years); female? Wt. 531.5g {including 2.5g worked bone). Pathology; op - 2C, lT/L, rib facet, right glenoid, left humerus head, distal tibiae, tali, cuboid; Schmorl's - 1T; oa - left acetabulum; pitting lateral clavicle; exo- ulna tuberosities; cysts- right distal tib"ia. Pyre goods 1 Copper alloy; sheet fragments (5), also two molten fragments. 2* Bone veneer types: A2.l (FIG. 4.213, nos 2ab ); A4; A5.5 (FIG. 4.213, no. 2); C2; E2.1 (FIG. 4.213, no. 2e). Grave goods 3* B01. Wt. 1160g. RE 67, BE 100. A largely complete BB1 jar with everted rim of greater diameter than the maximum girth with obtuse lattice zone on the latter with a groove above. Most of the exterior seems to 4* have been burnt except for an area where the pot seems to have been stacked against another. Cf GiJlam (1976) nos 12-14, eady to mid fourth-century. c. A.D. 270-350. S30. Wt. 800g. RE 90, BE 100. Form 31R (Sb/ Sh), East Gaulish (Rheinzabern); almost complete, but without rouletting. The stamp was applied so lightly that it scarcely registers, and is illegible. It has a single cirde around it. The footring is moderately worn. Interior eroded. This pot is slightly less bowl-like than most of the other examples of form Sb/Sh from Brougham. Probably late second or early third-century. Interpretation Umed cremation burial. 264 1966/39 PHASE 2. Plan FIG. 4.149; details FIGS 4.214, 4.215; see also FTGS 2.1, 2.3, 5.5. Description Records limited. Rectangular, capped sandstone cist, extent of pit not defined. Initially photographed with large upright slabs immediately to NE, relationship between slabs and cist unknown, the possibility exists that at least INVENTORY OF THE DEPOSITS 2 FIG. 4.211 5" 6.. 3 4 Grave goods from umed cremation burial 259. one was the capping stone (0.54 x 0.45m internally; major axis N/S). Meat bone on dish (9). Glass cup (8) within jar (4). Position of cremated bones not explicitly sta ted but photograph of deposit during excavation shows complete glass vessel high up in fill of jar (4) indicating originally it had been placed on the contents which it can be assumed were the crem ated bone. Cremated human bone Adult (35-45 years); unsexed. Wt. 442.6g. Charcoal Corylus sp. (*). Pyre goods 1* Copper alloy; mount, L. 35mm, W 20mm, and shank (lb). 2* Antler; cylinders. Three decorated with bands of chevrons. 3" Bone veneer types: A2 (FIG. 4.215/ no. 3k); A4.1 (FIG. 4.215, no. 3j); A4.3 (FIG. 4.215, no. 3i); AS.4 (FlG. 4.215, no. 3h) A7.l (FIG. 4.215, nos 3a-b); A7.7 (FIG. 4.215, no. 3f); A8.l; B2.2 (FIG. 4.215, nos 3d-e); CI.1; D1.1; F (FIG. 4.215, nos 3c, 3g). Grave goods 4" 211 B01. Wt. 1650g. RE 100, BE 100. A complete large BBl jar with everted rim of diameter n ot exceeding the maximum girth with obtuse lattice zone on the girth with groove above, sooted and slightly burnt. CJ Gillam (1976) no. 9, mid to later third-century. c. A.D. 240-270. (FTG. 2.3). 002. Wt. 1750g. RE 100, BE 100 (BC/CY). A constricted-necked jar with bifid rim frilled on the lower cordon, with a cordon at the base of the neck and oblique burnished line decoratio n between two h orizontal burnished bands on the shoulder. 530. Wt. 750g. RE 100, BE 100. Form31R (Sb/ Sh), East Gaulish, complete, with slight to moderately worn footring . S tampe d (P)ARENTIN(I) (Die 1a), with the midd le of the die impressed deeply, so that the first and last letters do not register. The rouletting on the base is not bow1ded by grooves and. is impressed just inside the position of the footring. Parentinus worked at Trier, where another stamp is known from the p otteries (Frey 1993, 66). H e made forms 31, 31R and 32. A stamp from this die occurs at Niederbieber and that, and the evidence for the forms, s uggest a date c. A.D. 190-240. Another stamp from the same die occurs at Brougham (273.14) on a dish with exactly the same dimensions; a third stamp (20.8) comes from a different die. ｾ＠ 0 • 5 100 mm 1 FIG. 4.212 Pyre goods and pottery from pyre debris deposit 261. THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA 212 4 0 3 100mm - -~ I • • 2a 2b e 2c L ~ · ~ -I I • FIG. 4.213 7* 8* 2d • Pyre and grave goods from urned cremation burial 262. S30, RE 100, BE 100. Form 37, complete. East Gaulish. The triple-bordered ovolo with beaded tongue was used at Trier by Dexter ii and Dubitus/Dubitatus. The medallion was used by Censor ii (Polzer 1913, Taf. xxxi, 830). The shell motif was probably produced by a real shell rather than a poinron. The footring, not very worn, has an internal bevel and resembles some in the Trier Massenfund (Huld-Zetsche 1971, Taf. 45, HWU 585). Bowls in the style of Dexter ii and Dubitus/Dubitatus were found in the LangenhainStore, which mustbe laterthan A.D. 226 (Huld-Zetsche and Steidl 1994, 50) and was very probably destroyed in A.D. 233, as Simon and Kohler suggested (1992, 84). Third-century, probably A.O. 210-240. Class; complete hemispherical cup. Colou rless; small bubbles, occasionally larger. Slightly out-bent rim, edge firerounded and lightly ground; convex-curved body; small concave base. Three lightly 9 abraded horizontal bands on upper body; lower body decorated with 13 pulled-out, slightly diagonal and 'S'-curved ribs with n-vo pulled-out blobs arranged vertically in spaces between ribs. Circular pontil scar base worn. Ht. 60mm, rim diameter 86mm, base diameter 27mm, wall thickness c. 1.5mm. Previously published as Cool 1990, fig. 1.2. (FIG. 8.18). Meat bone found on (6). Interpretation Urned cremation burial, possibly with redeposited pyre debris in fill. 265 1967/169 UNPHASED Plan FIG. 4.149; details FIG. 4.216. Description Rectangular dst, lacking eastern si~e (0.62 x 0.34ro; major axis W /E). Fill: sandy grave soil with very ]j ttle charcoal. Miss Charles-w01 raised the possibil.ity that this was re-excav-ation of a 1966 feature. i INVENTORY OF 1HE DEPOSffS 213 _____/ 6 4 () 7 5 0 25mm () 8 _- -~;~--f ?:=ｾ＠ =- ~t - ~ s.'~~ - .-<~ • FTG. 4.214 1b 1a Pyre and grave goods from urned cremation burial 264. Pyre goods ; Iron; needle (heat-affected). B01. Wt. 5g. (BC/MG). A very burnt BBl bodysherd and another bodysherd with obtuse lattice. Third to mid fourth-century. Interpretation Uncertain but apparently contains redeposited pyre debris. 215 1NVENTORY OF THE DEPOSITS 4 Sa o.sm 0 ｾ＠ FIG. 4.216 266 Plan of deposit 265. 1967/168 PHASE 2 Plan FTG. 4.149; details FlG. 4.217. Description Trape.:toidal pit with rectangula r sandstone cist placed within it (pit 0.87m, cist 0.61 x 0.49m; major axis W /E). Fill: within cist ligh t brown ·wi.th no finds; between cist and pit wall very black wi~h pyre goods. Miss Charlesworth raised the possibility that this was re-excavation of a 1966 feature. Cremated human bone Adult (18- 100 years); unsexed. Wt. 33.3g (including 9.Sg worked bone). Pyre goods 1 Iron;. cramp or buckle frame. L. 42mm, W. 33mm. 2 3 4.. 5.. 6 7 hon; nail (23 plus 8 fragm ents, 2 uncorroded). Iron; hobnails (4). Antler; cylinder decorated with V~shaped lines. L. 43mm. Bone veneer types: A1; A4; B2.2 (FlG. 4.217, no. Sb); F (FIG. 4.217, no. Sa). Antler; plug, fragmentary. B01. Wt. 17g. (B C/MD ). Fou r 8 B1 bodysherds, burnt, from the shoulder and girth of. a jar with an obtuse lattice zone wi.th groove above. c. A.D. 240+. Interpretati on Uncertai n redeposited pyre debris. 267 1967/96 Plan FIG. 4.149. but including PHASE 2 Description Records limited. Rectangular pit (0.84 x 0.56m; major axis unknown). Cremated human bone Subadult- adult ('13-100 Years); unsexed. Wt. 2.3g. 0 FlG. 4.217 25mm 5b Pyre goods from deposit 266 . Pyre goods 1 Tron; nail (3 including fragments). 2 B01. Wt. 70g. (BC/HL), Eight bodysherds from a BB1 jar, one hea-viJy burnt and one with obtuse lattice decoration with groove above. c. A.O. 240+. Interpretation Uncertain but contains redeposited pyre debris. 268 1967/95 PHASE2 Plan FIG. 4.147; details FIG. 4.218. Description Records limited. ' Large pit'. Glass cup (9) found inside jar (6). Cremated human bone Two groups from the same individ ual with one fragment from a second i.ndividu a 1 in (i) possibly ind icative of contamination from a pyre site. (i) from jar (5), (ii) Crom jar (6). (i) Adult (25- 100 y ears); m ale. Wt. 309.4g (including 1.3g anim al, 17.9g worked bone). Pathology; cyst - calcaneum. Group includes one duplica.te bone. (ii) Subadult-adult (13-100 years); unsexed. W t. 7.7g (includ ing O.lg worked b one). Charcoal-stained and has characteristics of redeposited pyre debris. Cremated animal bone Sheep/goal. Charcoal Betula sp. (*) . 216 THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHA1v1, CUMBRIA '' 5 FJG. 4.218 'I l 1 6 8 0 I I I I l 100 mm Grave goods from urned cremation burial 268. Pyre goods 1 Iron; nail (8). 2 Iron; nail (8 plus fragments); from cremated bone in jar (5). 3 Bone veneer types: Al; A2.1; A2.2; A4.4; A4.5; AS.2; E2.J. 4 B01. Wt. 8g. (BC/GT). Two B81 jar bodysherds, heavily burnt. Probably from another vessel than either (5) or (6). Hadrianic to mid fourth-century. Grave goods 5* B01. Wt. 950g. RE 96, BE 6 (BC/GI). The complete rim and upper body of a BBl jar with occasional sherds from the lower wall and base. The rim is everted and of smaller diameter than the maximum girth which has an obtuse lattice zone on it with a groove. above. Cf. Gillam (1976) nos 7-9, early to late third-century. c. A.O. 240-270. 6* B01. Wt. 460g. RE 51, BE 95 (BC/GK). Much of a BB1 ja r with everted rim of approximately similar diameter to its maximum groove, with obtuse lattice zone on the gfrth w ith groove above, sooted. Cf Gillam (1976) nos 9-10, mid to later thirdcentury. c. A.D. 260-280. 7't 001. Wt. 950g. RE 96, BE 100 (BC/GM). A largely complete constricted-necked jar with everted, horizontal rim and grooves at the base of the neck, in Severn Valley ware tradition fabric. Perhaps second to thirdcentury. 8* S30. Wt. 945g. RE 76, BE 100 (BC/GL). Sixteen fragments giving a complete form 31R (Sb/Sh), East Gaulish (Trier). There is a band of rouletting, 16mm wid~, approximately two~thirds of the way down the external wall. The internal rouletting is over the footring, but not between grooves. Traces of three lead rivets remain. The footring is probably worn as well as weathered. Third-century: 9 Hemispherical cup in c. 300 fragments and splinters. Colourless; small bubbles; dulled surfaces. Heavy strain-cracking has reduced parts of the vessel to the consistency of granulated sugar. Slightly out.:bent rim, edge fire-thickened; convex-curved body; possibly thickened concave base, one fragment has irregularly broken surfa,.ce which might be pontil scar. Body decorated with pulled-up blobs in an unknown pattern. Overall dimensions ar,e not reconstructable but could well have been close to those of 264.8. Wall thickne5s lnun, (BC/GK). Third-century. Previously published as Cool 1990, fig. 1.4. Interpretation Umed cremation burial, possibly with redeposited pyre debris. PHASE2 269 1967/87 Plan FIG. 4.149; details FIG. 4.219. Description Large circular pit with undei:cutsides (diameter 0.84m, depth 0.41m). Other rec~rds limited, _all finds described as being mixed together. Cremated human bone Adult (18-100 years); unsexed. Wt. 60.9g (including l.4g worked voire, l.3g animal bone). Slightly charcoal-stained, INVENTORY OF THE DEPOSITS 11* 12* 13* 14* 15 R02. W t. 85g. RE 85, BE 100 (BC/DY). A complete North Gaulish pentice-moulded beaker. (FIG. 8.9). 530. Wt. 425g. RE 96, BE 100 (BC/DX). Sixteen fragments giving a complete form 31 (Sa), East Gaulish, stamped JrnGIN(VSF)E (Reginus vi, Die 5a: Ludowici 1927, 227, e). This potteT probably began work at H ei1igenberg and Ittenweiler, mov ing to Kraherwald and thence to Rhejnzabem.. The Brougham stamp is from a die used at Rhein.zabern. The footring of the dish is heavily worn and the interior eroded. Site evidence is not very useful on date, though there is a stamp, more probably Sa than Sa', from the fort at Wallsend. Reginus vi must have been at Heili.genberg before A.D. 160 and a date c. A.D.160-180 should cover his Rheinzabern activity. S30 . Wt. 675g. RE 100, BE 100 (BC/DW). Form 31R (Sb/Sh), complete, stamped PARENTINI (Die la). The rim is distorted and the footring is moderately worn. The interior of the base is eroded, but probably also worn. For details of the s tamp see 264.6, where the dish is exactly the same size. S20. Wt. 550g. RE 100, BE 100 (BC/DV). For m 30, complete, but in numerous fragments, from a mould stamped DOIICCI (5a) retrograde vertically among the decoration. The ovolo is B161. The repeating panels show: i) A leaf (Rogers Hl 10), within a double-bordered medallion, identical to the leaf in panel iii on the Do(v)eccus bow] 107.7, and a rosette (Rogers C170); iia) A bird to right (D.1019/O.2252); iib) a Pan mask (D.675/O.1214) p laced horizontally; iii) As panel i); iva) A bird to left (0.2298); ivb) a sitting doe to left (D.879/O.1752A). The footring is unworn and still has kiln-grit on it. For details of the stamp, see 107.7. c. A.O. 160-190. Glass; 'green beaker' - missing. 'Interpretation Urned cremation burial with redeposited pyre debris, probably placed in a Wooden box_ 274 1967/55 PHASE 3B Plan FIG. 4.149; details FIG. 4.224. Description. Records limited. Circular pit with flat base overlain by boulders (0.69m diameter). Iron, gl~ss, pottery and cremated bones described as nuxe_d together with sarnian rim fragments (7) and (8) high in WI. 221 CTemated human bone Adult (18-100 years)i urisexed . Wt. 61.4g (including lg worked bone). Pyre debris 1 Iron; nail (6 plus fragments) mixed with cremated bones. Bone veneer type: A4. 2 Finds of uncertain status 3* B01. W t. 168g. RE 30 (BC/EA). Sherds from the rim and shoulder of a BB1 jar with everted rim of similar diameter to the maximum girth/ with an obtuse lattice zone on the latter with a groove above. CJ. Gi 11am (1976) rto. 10, later third-century. c, A.D. 260300. 4 R.04. Wt. 7g. RE 28 (BC/EA). Two joining Crambeck greyware constricted-necked jar rim fragments. c. A.D. 285+. 5 R06. Wt. Sg. (BC/EA). A greyw-are dosedform bodysherd. 6 F02. Wt. lg. A Nene Valley colour-coated ware bodysherd, c. AD 160/70+. 7* S20. Wt. 52g. R'E 13 (BC/EA). Form 31R rim fragment, Central Gaulish. LateAntonine. 8* S30. Wt. 9g. RE 3 (BC/EA). A fragment of form 37, East Gaulish (Rheinzabern). Only the ovolo survives and it cannot be closely paralleled. Ricken and Fischer 1963, E45, used by Attillus, Juliu s, Iustinus a11d Mammilianus is similar, but not exactly the same. Late Antonine or third-century. 9 S30. Wt. 10g. RE 2 (BC/EA). A fragment of collar from form 45, with the remains of a bat-like head as spout. East Gaulish and third-century. 10 S20. Wt. 4g. BE 13 eBC/EA) . A footring fragment, of form 43 or 45, Central Gaulish; some wear. Late second-century. 11 S20. Wt. 7g. (BC/EA). A fragment of uncertain form, p robably Central Gaulish. Mid to late-Antonine. S20. Wt. 7g. (BC/ EA). 12* Glass; cup, six body fragments (2 Joining) and two j oining base fragments of a ?hemispherical cup. Pale greenish colourless; many small bubbles, occasionally large; strain-cracks. Out-turned rim, edge missing; convex-curved body; small concave base. Two horizontal abraded bands on upper body, ?lower body has narrow vertical pulled-up ribs. Pontil scar. Base heavily worn. Base diameter c. 35mm, wall thickness 1-2mm. (BC/EA) . Third century. Interpretation Uncertain. 222 THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA 7 7, 3 () 0 FJC. 4.224 275 1967/46 UNPHASED Interpretation Uncertain. 1967/41 100 mm Pottery and glass vessels from deposit 274. Plan FIG. 4.149. Description Records limited. Circular pit (0.61m diameter). 'Cookpot' sherds and 'bronze' fragments noted but not apparently collected. 276 0 12 8 UNPHASED Plan FlG. 4.149i details FTG. 4.225. Description Records limited. Within 'irregular~ shaped trench'. Cremated human bone Subadult-adult (13-100 years); unsexed. Wt. 74.Sg (including2.4gworked bone). Pyre goods 1 Iron; small nail (fragment) found in cremated bone. 2 Iron; nail (8 plus fragments). 3 Bone; handle fragments (3) decorated with three bands of acute angled lines and trellis work. 4•· Bone veneer types: AS.4 (FTG. 4.225, no. 4h); A7.l (FlG. 4.225, no. 4g);A7.5 (FTG. 4.225, no. 4a); A8.1 (FIG. 4.225, no. 4£); A8.3 (FIG. 4.225, no. 4i); B1.1; B2.l (FIG. 4.225, no. 4e); B2.4 (FIG. 4.225, nos 4c-d); Cl.l; C2; E2.2 (rTG. 4.225, no. 46); F. 5 B01. Wt. 6g. (BC/DE). One very burnt BBl bodysherd. Hadrianic to mid fourth-century. Interpretation Uncertain, possibly spread including redeposited pyre debris. 277 1967/59 PHASE2 Plan FIG. 4.149; details FIG. 4.226. Description Records limited. 'Smail' pit(diameter 0.3-0.38m). Cremated bones from jar (4). Cremated human bone Adult (18-100 years); unsexed. Wt. 63.5g (including 0.6g ani~al bone). Cremated animal bone Sheep/goat. Pyre goods 1* Composite: bell-shaped stud. Allason-Jones (1985) type 1 with copper-alloy head and iron shank. Diameter 37mm, Ht. 22mtn. 2 lron; hobnail found in cremated bone. 3 B0l. Wt . 7g. RE 6 (BC/WR). A BBl j.r-r rimsherd, burnt, from fill. Cf Gillam (1976) nos 9-11, later third to early fourth-century. Possibly c. A.D. 250-330. Grave goods 4* B01. Wt. 560g. RE 12, BE 68 (BC/EG). Sher_ds from a BBl jar with everted rim,. the _fllll diameter not exceeding the maximwn gtr;th, the latter decorated with an obtuse lafbce zone (without groove). CJ. Gillam (197°) no. 9, mid to later third-century. A fe,w sherds very heavily burnt. Possibly c. AJ). 240-270. 223 INVENTORY OF THE DEPOSITS Q . I I 4b 4a ｾ＠ . I 4f 4e 4d 4c z?@ -- 'I......---=-=-= ; ｾ＠ 4g = ｾ＠ 4h ｾ＠ 4i 0 25mm l'yre goods from deposit 276. FJ.G. 4.225 Finds of uncertain status from fill 5 FOL Wt. 2g. (BC/WR) . A Trier Rhenish beaker bodysherd. c. A.O. 200-260. 6 F03. Wt. 2g. (BC/WR). ANene Valley colourcoated ware bag beaker bodysherd with barbotine scroll decoration. Later second to mid third-century. 7 AOl. Wt. 210g. (BC/WR). A Dressel 20 bodysherd. first to trurd-century. 8 S20. Wt. 6g. RE 6 (BC/WR). Form 31 rim fragment. Central Gaulish. Antonine. 9 S20 . Wt . 33g. RE 12 (BC/WR). Two fragments of form 45, with unworn grits, Central Gaulish. c. A.O. 170-200. 10 -S20. Wt. 25g. (BC/WR). A fragment of the base of form 31 R from the same pot as 291.8. See latter for details of the stamp and da te. l1 S20. Wt. 13g. (BC/WR). Three small fra0 ments of a large dish, probably form . 31R, Central Gaulish. Mid or Jate-Antorune. 12 S20. Wt. 7g. RE 5 (BC/WR). Form 37 rim fragment, Central Gaulish . Antorune. 13 S30. Wt. 10g. RE 5 (BC/WR). Form 31 (Sb?) rim fragment, East Gaulish (Rheinz.abern). Late second or third-century. 0 Interpretation Urned cremation burial. 278 1967/48 PHASE 2 Plan FIG. 4.149; details FIG. 4.227. Description Records limited. Circular_ pit (diameter 0.69m). Fill: 'scraps of bronze, calcined bones and nails' represented here by (1- 5, 7-8 and 13). Sherds (6, 9- 12) and charcoal noted as 1 unstratified' in upper fill. Cremated human bone Subadult-adult (13-100 years); unsexed. Wt.14.9g (including0.lg worked bone). Pyre goods 1 Copper al]oy; stud. 2 Iron; nail (2 plus fragments). 3 Bone veneer types: A2; A4.l . 4"' Bone strip, flat; polished and d ecorated both sides with straight lines. 5 B01. Wt. 250g. RE 63 (BC/ D P). Nine ri.rnsherds and 18 bod ysherds from a BB1 jar, three sherds are burnt and the rimshe~ds are sooted. The seven obtuse 1att1ce decorated sherds do not sh ow a groove above. CJ. Gillam (1976) nos 9-14. Later third to mid fourth-century. 6 B01. Wt. 30g. RE 7 (BC/WM). Three BBl jar bodysherds and a rimsherd, possibly from the same vessel, several bodysherds heavily THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUNIBRIA 224 F03. Wt. 5g. (BC/WM). A beaker bodysher.d of Nene Valley colour-coated ware. c. a:o,. 160/170+. Glass; pris.matic bottle. Blue/green. J.•-- .1.ed handJe and shoulder fragment. Thin ha.ttdle with shallow reeding and ends not drawn. out onto side. Wear on exterior of handle. Maximum W. of handle 45mm. Found mixed with pottery and cremated bone. 12 13 I Interpretation Redeposited pyre debris. I I ｾ＠ 0 I 4 =S 100 mm 4 0 PIG. 4.227 279 25.mm Bone strip from pyre debris deposit 27&. 1967/45 PHASE3 Plan FIG. 4.149. Description Records limited. Circular pit (diameter 0.61m). Filling: sandstone slabs in pit. Relationship of finds and cremated bone not stated. Cremated human bone Juvenile-subadult (5--18 years); unsexed. Wt. 8.2g. Pyre goods 1 Copper alloy; fragment. 2 lron; hobnail (4). 3 Iron; nail (4. including fragments). FIG. 4.226 Pyre and grave goods from urned cremation burial 277. ?Grave goods 4 F03. Wt. 33g. BE 100 (BC/EC). ANene Valley colour-coated ware beaker base. e. A.D.160+-, burnt; from high in fill. Probably m id third to mid fourth-century. Finds of uncertain status 7 F02. Wt.Jg. (BC/DP). A Nene Valley colourcoated ware scale beaker bodysherd. c. A.D. 160/170-300. 8 S30. Wt. Sg. (BC/ DP) . Form 45 collar fragment, in Trier fabri c. Late second or third-cehtury. 9 R12. Wt. 2g. RE 4 (BC/WM). A greyware constricted-necked jar rim fragment with beaded rim. 10 R17. Wt. 15g. RE 5 (BC/WM). A rim and joining shoulder sherd from a BB-copy jar with evertedr rising rim. Perhaps later second to early third-century. 11 001. Wt. 60g. (BC/WM). Eight bodysherds from a closed form. ?Second to third century. Finds of uncertain status 5 001. Wt. llg. (BC/EC). Three oxidised closed-form bodysherds, north-western. Second to third-century. 6 B01. Wt. 8g. RE 12 (BC/EC). Two joining 'BR1 jar rim fragments, strongly everted. Probably third to mid fom:th-century:' 7 GOl. Wt. 66g. (BC/EC). A bodysherd irt a Dales ware type fabric, exterj.or sooted. Third to fourth-century. Interpretation Uncertain but possibly urne: cremation burial as infant bones have been note in beakers such as (4). 280 1967/57 UNPHASED Plan FIG. 4.149; details FIG. 4.228. 236 THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM., CUMBRIA Fin ds of uncertain status 10 B0l. Wt. 22g. BC/EW. Eight BB1 bodysherds, one with obtuse lattice. Third to mid fourthcentury. 4 Interpretation Umed cremation burial. Interpretation Uncertain. 292 295 1967/97 UNPHASED S30. Wt. 41g. (BC/FV). Two fragments ofthe same form 31(Sb/Sh}, East Gaul'18h (Rheinzabern). Trace of a lead rivetsurv:i Probably after A.D. 190. ves. 1967/248 PHASE 1 P lan FIGS 4.149, 4.237. Plan FIG. 4.237. D escription Records limited. Described as 'roughly recta ngular' (diameter 0.61m). Pottery sherds and meta l fragments noted but not kep t. D escription Records limited. Unclear as to whether pit or spread. Fill described as 'extremely black'. Interpretation Uncertain. 293 1967/64 PHASE3 Plan FIGS 4.149, 4.237. D es cription Records limited. Pit u;ncovered during machining. Cremated human bone Subadult-adult (13-100 years); unsexed. Wt. 16.2g. Ch arcoal Betula sp. (x). Alnus sp. (x). Pyre goods 1 Iron; hobnail found in cremated bone. Finds of uncertain status 2 BOJ. Wt. 130g. RE 9, BE 12 (BC/FL). A fragment from the rim and a few bodysherds from a developed beaded-andflanged bowl. A.D. 270-350. 3 S30. Wt. 10g. RE 9 (BC/FL). Two fragments (rim and body) of form 31, East Gaulish (Rh einzabern). Late second or thirdcentury. Interpretation Uncertain. Cremated human bone Subadult-adult (13-100 years); unsexed. Wt. 0.4g. Charcoal Alnus sp. (xx). Betula sp. (x). Pyre goods 1 Iron; nail (3, now much fragmented). 2 Iron; ring, diameter 33mm, articulating with smaller ring, d iametet 17mm. 3 Iron; clench bolt. L. 73mm, head diameter 30mm. Finds of uncertain status 4 S30. Wt. 48g. BE 30 (BC/PP). A form 31R base, East Gaulish. Later second to thu-dcentury. 5 S30, Wt. 2g. (BC/PP). An East Gaulish bodysherd, form inde termin ate. Later second to third-century. Interpretation Redeposited pyre debris. 296 1967/66 UNPHASED Plan FIG. 4.237. D escription Records limited . Pit uncovered during machining with fragmentary remains. No material kept. Interpretation Uncertain. 294 1967/65 PHASE 2 Plan FIG. 4.237. D escription Records limited. Pit uncovered during m achining. Finds of uncertain status 1 B0l. Wt. 115g. RE 5, BE 23 (BC/FV). A rim fragment, three base fragments and 19 bodysherds from a BBl jar with everted rim with obtuse lattice decoration on the girth with a groove above, some sherds sooted and one burnt. c. A.D. 240+. 2 001. Wt. 35g. (BC/FV). Seven oxidised bodysherds. Second to third-century. ·3 R03. Wt. llg. (BC/FV). A greyware bodysherd from a jar or constrictednecked jar. 298 1967/247 PHASE 2 Plan FIG. 4.237; details FlGS 4.240, 4.241. Description Square pit covered by sandstone slab (pit 0.95 x 0.88m). Fill: black layer (layer 1) over top of capping slab and covering larger area than it. Fill of pit (layer 2) consisted o f black fill around vessels, becoming brow ner towards periphery of p it. Cremated bones from (7), meat bon e and sandstone slab on (9), sandstone slab on (8), pebble ' over' glass jar (10). Fin ds (5) and (11-16) from fill (layer 1). Crem ated human bone Three groups. (i) from_jar (7), (ii) from dish (9), (iii) from layer 1 over cappmg stone. 237 INVENTORY OF THE DEPOSITS 7 -- 0.5m 0 ｾ＠ 8 ~aaW () FIG. 4.240 10 9 Plan and grave goods from umed cremation burial 298. (i) Adult (30- 34 years); fema le?? Wt. 739.7g (including 69.1g animal bone and 5.7g worked bone). Pathology: exo - iliac crest. (ii) Subadult- adult (13- 100 years); unsexed. Wt. 0.7g. (iii) Adult (18-100 years); u nsexed. Wt. 9.9g (including 0.1g worked bone, 0.6g animal bone). Charcoal-stained. Cremated animal bone Cattle, sheep/goat, goose. Charcoal Two samples. (i) from jar (7), (ii) from layer I. Ｈｾ＠ Fraxinus sp. (*) . (u) Alnus sp. (x). Betula sp. (x). Pyre goods 1* Copper alloy; looped strip. L. 23mm, diameter 18mm. 2 Iron; hobnail (2). 3 Iron; small nail (2) found in cremated bone. 4 Iron; nail (8) in cinerary um. 5 Iron; nail (23 including 9 fragments), layer 1. 6* Bone veneer types: A3.1 (FIG. 4.241, no. 6e); A4.3 (FIG. 4.241, nos 6a- b); AS.4 (FIG. 4.241, nos 6c-d); AS.6; 81.1; B2. Grave goods 7* B0l. Wt. 850g. RE 69, BE 91 (BC/PC). A fairly complete BB1 jar with everted rim, the diameter of w hich does not exceed the 238 THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA maximum girth, with obtuse burnished la tti ce zone (without groove). Some evidence of burning on one side. CJ. Gillam (1976) nos 9- 10, mid to later third-century. c. A.O. 250-300. 003. Wt. 320g. RE 75g. Sherds comp rising 8* the rim and shoulder of a con strictednecked jar. 9* S30. Wt. 1200g. RE 95, BE 100 (BC/PB). Fou rteen fragments toge ther g iving a complete dish of form 31 (Sb/Sh), stamped VIRJVSI retrograde (Die l a) . The grooves normally defining the rou letting are present, but there is no rouletting. The footring is moderately worn, but there is little erosion either inside or externally. The potter's name is likely to have been Virius rather than Virtus, the interpretation which has u su ally been accepted (Frey 1993, 88, no. 305). Virius almost certainly worked at Trier, probably in the third century. 10* Glass; small, handled jar in one piece Tacking most of handle and part of rim. Pale greentinged colourless; small bubbles; some black impurities; strain-crack s. Rim out-bent almost horizontally, edge fire-thickenedi wide straight-sided n eck sloping out to narrow con vex-curved ridged carination on upper bod y; straight-sided lower b ody sloping into convex base. D -sectioned ribbon h andle w:ith simple lower attachment applied to lower part of n eck and carination; u pper attachment (now missing) applied to rirn. Circular pontil scar retaining p art of an irregular button of very pale blue/green glass. Much wear on rim, ridged carination, base and around sides just above base; also stump of handle worke d to remov e irregularities. Ht. 97mm, rim diameter 57mm, base diameter 42mm, wall thickness 2mm. Finds of uncertain status 11 ?R03 . Wt. 1g (BC/PA). A greyware bodysherd. 12 002. Wt. Sg. R E 7 (BC/PA). An oxidised everted jar rim. 13 FOl . Wt. 13g. BE 50 (BC/PA). A base sherd and two bodysherds from a Trier Rhenish beaker. c. A.D. 200-260. 14 520. Wt. 2g. (BC/PA). A fragment of unusual and unidentified form, Central Gaulish. ?Antonine. 15 FOl. Wt. 13g. BE 50 (BC/PA). A base sherd and two bod ysherds from a Trier Rhenish beaker. c. A.D. 200-260. 16 Glass; vessel. Colourless body fragment. Interpretation Urned cremation bone with redeposited pyre debris. ｾ＠ a I I 6a 6c ~/illm I ｾ＠ l I ET7 6d 25 mm O FIG. 4.241 298. 299 Se Pyre goods from u.:med cremation burial 1967/270 PHASE2 Plan FIG. 4.237; details flG. 4.242. Description Records limited. Pit with dark-brown fill. Cremated human bone Subadult-adult (13-100 years); unsexed. Wt. 24.2g (including lg animal bone and 8.4g worked bone). Cremated animal bone Cattle, sheep/goat, Pyre goods 1" Copper alloy; mount. 2 Tron; hobn ail (2). 3 Iron; nails (6 including 2 fragments). 4 Bone veneer types: A4; A5.3; Bl.1; E2.1. 5 Ivory; fragments (2). Finds of uncertain status B01. Wt. 30g. (BC/QD). Three BBl ｩｾ＠ 6 s houlder bodysherd s. H adrianic to nu fourth-century. 243 INVENTORY OF THE DEPOSITS 12 11 • FIG. 4.247 R-i 4 • • 8 o,_____2_s.....mrn 9 Pyre and grave goods from umed cremation burial 303. triangular-sectioned rim. Perhaps later second to third-century. Intetpretation Redeposited pyre debris. 307 • 1967/112 PHASE 3B Plan FIG. 4.243; details FIGS 4.249, 4.250, 4.251; see also FIG. 3.11. Description Pit not defined; sandstone slabs fottningtwo adjacent cists lacking walls to N and S (>0.8m N/S, 0.61 W/$). Fill of northern cist (layer 1): dense black (no large pieces of charcoal), large quantities of cremated bones, fron and copper alloy. Fill of southern dst (layer 2): brown wjth fewer finds but a concentration of pottery !ragments. Sarni an base (33) used to wedge jar (18) m position. ~remated human bone Two groups from the same mdi:vidua1 . (i) from jar (18), (ii) from layer 1. (i) Adult (18- 100 yeaTS); unsexed. Wt. 313.2g (including 5.4g animal bone and 11.lg worked bone). (ii) Adult (18-100 years); male. Wt. 158g (including iron fused to femur shaft, 8.6g animal, 19.8g worked bone). Cremated animal bone Sheep/goat, goose. Pyre goods J 2* 3 4 S 6 7 8 9* Copper alloy; sheet fragment, also smaJl fragments some distorted by heat, molten fragments and two from charcoaJ samples. Iron; arrowhead, barbed-and-tanged, burnt. Manning 1985, 177, type l. Late-Roman. L. 71mm, W. 22mm. Tron; hobnails (at least 7). Iron; nails (5 including 3 burnt fragments) from charcoal sample. Iron; nails (2) from i.nside cinerary urn. Iron; nail (1), layer 1. Iron; nail (3 small fragments) found in cremated bone. Tron; nails (8 including fragments). Bone veneer types: Al; A4.1; A4.2; A5.l; AS.3; A6.1 (FlG. 4.250, no. 9t); A6.2 (FIG. 4.250, nos 9r-s); A6.3; A6.4; A7.1 (FIG. 4.250, 245 INVENTORY OF THE DEPOSITS - ~' ' 11 II I\ II \l I\ II ,I I\ \\ I II II I 18 21 ____ mm ~o....._ 0 0 FIG. 4.249 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 100 _, 19 20 Grave goods from umed cremation burial 307. R01. Wt. 6g. (BC/KN). A greyware closedform bodysherd, exterior burnished. BOl . Wt. 6g. BE 5 (BC/KN). A BB1 dish base sherd. Hadrianic to mid fourth-century. R03. Wt. 33g. BE 17 (BC/KN). A greyware ba1,;e sberd. R04. Wt. 12g. (BC/KN). Two Crambeck greyware jar bodysherds, one with vertical burnished lines. c. A.O. 285+. F01. Wt. lg. (BC/KN). A Trier Rhenish ware bodysherd. c. A.D. 200-260. F03. Wt. 2g. RE 5 (BC/KN). A Nene Valley colour-coated ware cornice-rimmed bag beaker rim fragment. c. A.O. 160/170-250. W02. Wt. 17g. (BC/KN). Six bodysherds in Nene Valley parchment ware with red painted bands. Second to third-century. Q0I. Wt. 2g. (BC/KN). A white-slipped flagon bodysberd. First t o third-century. S20. Wt. 2g. A Central Gaulish fragment. Second-century. S30. Wt. 65g. BE 50 (BC/KN). Form 30 or 37, East Gaulish (Rheinzabern) showing the base and a well-worn footring. Thirdcentury. A0l. Wt. 32g. (BC/KN). A D r essel 20 bodysherd. First to third-century. Glass; beads. Eight short square; cloudy deep blue. L 3-5mm, section ranges 2.54mm, layer 1 (2), layer 2 (6). 36* Jet; bracelet. Fourteen flat elliptical beads with transverse perforations and curved notches on outer edges. Found scattered in layer 1. Largest L 25mm, W. 12mm. The beads are graduated and were designed to be strung together to form a flexible bracelet. When worn the bracelet would appear as a solid band and the notches cut out of each bead would leave a pattern of ovals running across the whole bracelet. Later third to fourth-century. See AllasonJones 1996, 28, especially no. 28. 35* 37* Copper alloy; tweezers (possibly not securely associated Vvith grave). L. 37mm. Interpretation Urned crei:nation burial with redeposited pyre debris. 308 1967/154 PHASE1 Plan FIG. 4.243. Description Extent of pi.t not defined. Vessels recovered from dark fi.JI between sandstone slabs. Cremated bone from jar (5). Deposit close to surface and disturbed by machine or plough. 248 THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA Cremated human bone Juvenile-subadult (5---15 years); unsexed. Wt. 18.9g. Pyre goods 1 Copper alloy; fragment. 2 Iron; fragment (2) found in cremated bone. 3 Iron; nail fragment possibly associated with cinerary um. 4 Bone veneer types: A4.4; ASA. 5 Bone worked fragment. Grave goods 6 BO1. Wt. 135g. BE 76 (BC/KA). Sherds from the lower wall and base of a 8B1 jar. Hadrianic to mid fourth-century. 7 F0l. Wt. 63g. (BC/JZ). Twenty-seven sherds from an indented, Trier, Rhenish ware beaker. c. A.O. 200-260. Interpretation Urned cremation burial possibl wjth redeposited pyre debris. y 310 1966/11 PHASE3B Details FIGS 4.252, 4.253. Description Records limited. Possibly square cist placed in oval pit (pit c. 0.95 x 0.73m, cist c. 0.55.0.6m square). Cremated bone collected as two groups but original location unknown, assumed to have been in vessel. NB Precise location uncertain_ Cremated human bone Both groups from same individual. Adult (18-100 years); male?? Wt. 201.2g (i) (including 0.5g animal bone and 2 ..8g worked bone). 5 0 7 FIG. 4.252 Grave goods from urned cremation bwial 310. 8 0 Cl 100mm INVENTORY OF 1HE DEPOSITS 249 ~;H7llM£e~ 1a ~ 1b ~ 1c ｾＭ＠ -- 1 -- 1 1d I 1e 1f I 1g -I, ,.-I 1i 1h ｾＭＭｾ＠ FIG. 4.253 --e0p 1k Pyre goods from umed cremation burial 310. ' ' 0 25mm 1j 11 250 THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA Adult (35-100 years); unsexed. Wt. 142.9g (including 1g animal bone, 7.5g worked bone). Pathology: abscess - maxilla; exo iliac crest. Cremated animal bone Sheep/goat. Pyre goods 1* Bone veneer types: A4.2; A5.4; AS.5 (FIG. 4.253, nos 1a-d); A7.1 (flG. 4.253, nos 1j-k); 82.2 (FTG. 4.253, nos lh- i); E2.l (fJG. 4.253 nos 1e-g). 2 Bone; worked object. 3 I vo,y; strips (5) slightly curved rectangular strip with four small additional fragments. Ivory; strip, rectangular-sectioned strip, 4 broken ends. Grave goods 5* 801. Wt. 850g. RE 43, BE 100. A largely complete BBl jar with an everted rim of slightly smaller diameter than the maximum girth which has an obtuse lattice zone on it with a groove above. The vessel has been heavily burnt on one side only. Cf Gillam (1976) no. 10, later third-century. Possibly c. A.O. 260-280. 6* R04. Wt. 3300g. RE 19, BE 100. A complete (apart from the rim) large globular jar in Crambeck greyware with everted rising rim. An unusual Crambeck greyware vessel, as are most from this cemetery, suggesting perhaps all come from an early period of experimental production before the very stereotyped form range emerged. There appears to be a deliberate hole made prior to burial in the lower wa U of the vessel. There may be another slit-like hole higher in the wall, but this is unclear. The girth is decorated with opposed registers of oblique burnished lines. The form may be related to Crambeck type 3 (Corder 1937). c. A.D. 280+. 7* S30. Wt. 900g. RE 100, BE 100. Form 31R(Sb/ Sh), in Rheinzabem fabric. Almost complete in fragments, mended in four places with £our (missing, lead) rivets. The stamp, mostly illegible, ends in ... I. The band of rouletting on the base lies well inside the position of the footring and is not defined by grooves. The footring is worn. Late second or third-century. (FtG. 8.11). 8* Glass; cylindrical cup in seven fragments; small part of rim and upper body missing. Pale green-tinged colourless; many small bubbles; dulled streaky surfaces. Some evaporation rings internally. Vertical rim, edge cracked-off and ground; s lightly convex-curved body sloping out slightly to wide convex-atrved lower body; low solid (ii) base ring formed by tooling the paraison; £la t base with off-centre small ki k Horizontal abraded band on upper b~ · Off-centr-e po1:til scar. Base much wom. 64mm, nm diameter 8lm, base diamete 34mm, wall thickness 1mm, pontil sea: diameter 10 x 9mm. Previously published as Cool 1990, fig. 2.8. Late second to mid third-century. J: lnterpretation Umed cremation burial, possibly with redeposited pyre goods in 6JJ. 314 1967/9 PHASE 1 Details f!G. 4.254. Description Records limited, deposit destroyed by machine and precise position lost. Grave goods 1 B01. Wt. 160g. BE 40 (BC/AU). Thirty-three small sherds from the base wall and shoulder of a BB1 jar with obtuse lattice panel. Third to mid fourth-century. 2* S30. Wt. 525g. RE 60, BE 86 (BC/AV). Approximately two-thirds of a dish of form 31R (Sb/Sh), East Gaulish (Rheinzabern), The potter's stamp is too eroded for reading. The base is not rouletted, though its zone is defined by two grooves. The footring is probably worn as well as eroded. One sherd has rather small, inadequate cleat holes. Third-century. Interpretation Uncertain. 2 0 FIG. 4.254 100mm Form 31 R from deposit 314. 317 1967/72 UNPHASED Description Records limited and location unknown. Vessels places in small pit, disturbed by machine. Cremated bones (now lost) recorded from jar (3). Pyre goods 1 B0l. Wt. 33g. BE 38 (BC/FN). Three base sherds from a B81 jar(s) very heavily burnt. Hadrianic to mid fourth-century. 2 001. Wt. 195g. BE 100 (BC/FO)sherds from the base of an oxidised Ja I rwe!:e 255 INVENTORY Of THE DEPOSrfS Cremated human bone Adult (21-40 years)i UPsexed. Wt. .5.7g. Pyre goods l" Copper alloy; vessel rim fragment. 2* Copper alloy; sheet fragments (2). Iron; nails (S including 4 fragments). 3 Finds of uncertain status B01. Wt. 80g. RE 35 (BC/HV). Five sherds 4 from a strongly everted BB1 jar rim, sooted. CJ. Gillam (1976) no& 10-14, later third to mid fourth-century. Interpretation Uncertain. 1a 1b 5 S20. Wt. 10g. (BC/HW). A fo rm 37 bodysherd, Central Gaulish. Mid to lateAntonine. Interpretation Uncertain. 329 1967/135 PHASE 3 Details FIG. 4.261. Description Location unknown. Oval pit deepest at southem end (0.48 x 0.42m;-major axis N/S). Fill: light brown. Jar (2) placed in deepest part of p.it with spread of bone and charcoal to N. Cremated human bone Juvenile--subadult (5-18 years); unsexed. Wt. 11.7g. Pyre goods 1 Iron; nail (2) recorded from top of jar (2). Grave goods 2* B01. Wt. 450g. RE 48 (BC/JA). Part of the rim and upper body of a BBl jar with everted rim, its diameter exceeding the maximum girth, decorated with an obtuse lattice zone with a groove above, sooted and some sherds heavily burnt. CJ. Gillam (1976) nos 1~14, early to mid fourth-centu.ry. c. A.O. 270-330. Interpretation Ur.ned cremation burial. 2 0 FfG. 4.260 328 25mm Pyre goods from deposit 327. 1967/130 PHASE3 Description Re cords limited and location tmknown. Excavated by Mr Priestman (seep. 11). Cremated human bone Adult (18-100 years); unsexed. Wt. 15.7g. Finds of uncertain status 1 B0l. Wt. 73g. RE 37 (BC/HW). Four joining sherds from a 1361 jar rim, sooted. Perhaps cf. Gillam (1976), nos 10-14, later third to mid fourth-ce.n tury. Also six bodysherds, one with t>btuse lattice and groove above and two burnt, possibly from the same vessel. c. !\.D. 240+. 2 ROl . Wt. 10g. (BC/HW) . A greyware bodysherd. 3 ?ROl . Wt. 7g. (BC/HW). A greyware jar rim fragment. 4 F03. Wt 4g. RE 12 (BC/HW). A Nene Valley colour-coated ware beaker Tim. CJ. Howe et aL {1980) nos 49-521 third to fourth-century. 330 'JOHNSON' PHASE 2 Plan FTG. 4.237;. details FlG. 4.262. Description No records in archive other than the two vessels and the location marked on the 1966 site plan. Grave goods 1* F02. Wt. 630g. RE 100, BE 100. A complete Nene Valley colour-coated ware indentednecked beaker with beaded rim. CJ Howe et al. (1980) no. 52, fourth century; perhaps cf Gillam (1970) types 52-4, A.D. 250-300. c. AD. 250400. 2* Glass; hemispherical cup in c. 170 fragment and splinters. Colourless; small bubbles; surfaces .ranging from clear to opaque clouded; much strain-cracking. Parts of vessel missing. Out-turned rim, edge finish unknown because o f massive strai11cracking and chipping; convex-curved body becoming thicker over lower part; base probably concave but no definite evidence. Ab.raded horizontal band below rim edge, two similar bands at point of maximum girth; lower body decorated with pulled-up blobs. The pattern these blobs are arranged in is unknown but from the varying thicknes&of the wall fragments they occur THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA 256 on, some must have been near base as Well as ones known to have been on the upper part of the lower body. Overall dimensions are not closely reconstructable but ar likely to have been close to those of and has been illustrated as such. W. 1-2.fonrtt. Pr~vilJusly published as Cool 1990, fig. 1.3. 264.: B A 1 B () HG. 4.262 6 Wilr 2 FIG. 4.261 Plan, section and urn from urned cremation burial 329. Vessels from deposit 330. 1958/NONE PHASE 3+ Description Urned cremation burial found during erection of electricity pylon. No details of context but recorded as being '30 feet away' from the Monument (Wright 1959, 106; Tullie Hause Accession number 116.1958.2). Cremated human bone Adult (30-40 years); female?? Wt. 563.9 (including 5.5g animal bone and 1.2g worked bone). Pathology: op Lap. Pyre debris 1 Iron; nail. Grave goods 2 801. Wt. 1.,300g. RE 55, BE 100. A BBl jar, largely complete, but with a section of the rim missing and with a number of sherds present but broken away from fh~ lo~et wall in such a manner as to suggest tt rois1'.'1 have been deliberately holed. The wall~S lightly burnt around two-thirds _of~ circumference. The vessel has a splay:itlg 349 1.c- ,2 257 INVENTORY OF THE DEPOSITS FIG. 4.263 View of deposit 350. of greater diameter than the maximum girth with an obtuse lattice zone on the girth with a groove above it. c. A.D. 270-350. 1 350 1966/NONE UNPHASED Details FIGS 4.263 4.264. Description. This deposit is known only from a photograph in the 1966 archive and a description of the three vessels in the 1966 notebook. It does not appear to have been given a formal grave number and its location is unknown. Finds (1) and (2) are now missing but from the photograph it is suggested (J. Evans pers. comm.) that they w ould indicate a date later rather than earlier in the Brougham sequence. 1 'Decorated beaker complete and in perfect condition. Ht. 6cm, diameter ofrim 8.1cm'. 2 'P1ain beaker chip from rim. Ht. 6.lcm/ diameter of rim, 8.1cm'. 3* Unguent bottle, complete apart from small part of r im. Pale green-tinged colourless; many e longated bubbles/ some large; streaky green/black impurities; surfaces dulled internally; Out-bent run, edge rolled in; cvlindrical neck; slightly convex-curved tubular body; thick convex base flattened at centre. Four elongated oval indentations on side producing a squared outline overa 11. Small pontil scar. Ht. J 10mm, rim diameter 23mm1 maxim11m body W. 29mm1 pontil scar diameter 7mm. 1 1 3 0 HG. 4.264 50mm Unguent bottle from deposit 350. 262 THE ROMAN CEMETERY AT BROUGHAM, CUMBRIA P 11 () 0~_ _ _ _1_0_,0mm FIG. 4.266 () ｾ＠ P14 P15 Selected unstratified coarse pottery, Pl 1-P16. VESSEL GLASS Polychrome Gl Body fragment. Colourless. Thick convexcurved side. Outer surface retains traces of gold paint or leaf. Dimensions 8 x 6mm, wall thickness 3.5mm. G2 Body fragment. Colourless. Straight side. Two curved opaque yellow trails with transverse indentations. Dimensions 17 x 15mm, wall thickness 1mm. West of Monu.m ent. Colourless or pale green-tinged colourless G3 Base, approximately three-quarters of a base in 23 fragmen ts. Some bubbles in base; many bubbles including large elongated ones in base ring; strain cracked, dulled surfaces. Tall, trailed base ring with tooling marks; concave base w,ith central kick and pontil scar with small amount of additional glass. Side grozed; base worn. Present Ht. 25mm, base diameter 55mm. G4 Body fragment. Colourless; small bubbles. Possibly from the edge of an indentation. Dimensions 21 x 17mm, wall thickness 1mm. Blue/green vessel glass GS ?Unguent bottle, neck and body fragment. Many small bubbles. Broken, truncated, G6 G7 GS G9 conical. tube of glass, heat-affected ｾ＠ collaJ?sed onto itself. L. 50~~; diam~ (maximum) 18 x 8mmJ (m1mmum) 8~5"~ 5.5mm, waJI thickness 1.5mm~ FIB 4.267. Base of bowl or jug. Many small bub~ Complete pushed-in, intemtlttently tubula»base-ring; concave base wi.th applied b~ at centre and central kick. Circular p scar. Side grozed. Much wear on base,~ diameter 51 x 49mm, pontil sral' d i ~ 13mm. (1967, sf 414, F42). Base and lower body of jug or jar in lit fragments. Some small bubbles; ~ld.t surfaces. Side curving into mncave-s1d near-vertical lower body and conca: base. Circular pontil scar slightly .O centre. Much wear on base. Present 26mm, base diameter 66mm, wall thickn 1mm, pontil scar diameter 13mm. (1961:r 256). Prismatic bottle; eight neck, reeded~ side and base fragments. Base retains of circular moulding dose to edge. Wi thickness 4-8mm. (1967, sf 277). b Prismatic bottle; two body and twO .· · I we. fragmen ts. Sides show ve1:t1ca. scratches. Base retains part of a ｾ＠ moulding. Wall thickness 2tnm· (1 ' 277). lNVENTORY OF THE DEPOSITS 5quare bottle; one handle and shoulder and G10 threebody fragments. Large reeded handle. Wear scratches on handle. Maximum handle widtll 85mm, :Prismatic bottle; reeded handle and Gtl shoulder fragment. Some wear scratc.hes. Maximum hand le wi dth 65mm. (1967 G12 F28). PrisIJlatic bottle; reeded handle fragment GLA55BEADS FIG, 4.267 G13 Long hexagonal-sectioned bead. Cloudy emerald green . L. 11mm, section 6mm, perforation diameter 2mm. (1967). G14 Short square-sectioned bead with faceted corners. Cloudy deep blue. L. 3mm, section 3mm, perforation diameter 1mm. (1967). G15 Gold-in-glass bead . Slightly squashed spherical. L. 5mm, section6mm, perforation diameter Imm. G16 Cylindrical bead; opaque green. L. 7mm, section 4mm, perforation diameter 1.5mm. (1967). G17 Short square-sectioned bead; cloudy deep 'blue. L. 5mm, section 3mm, perforation dianieter 1.5mm. (1967). not illustrated G18 Melted bead now spherical. Cloudy deep blue. L ..3mm, section 3mm. (1967). Gl9 Melted bead now spherical. Cloudy deep blue. Dimensions 2.5 x 2mm, 5 x 1.5 mm. (1967). G20 Melted lump consisting of translucent deep h1ue; cloudy emerald green and colourless beads fused together. One of the colourless beads retains traces of gold l nterna11y. Dimensions 30 x 7 x 5mm. Unprovenanced 1966 find labelled B66/17, possibly found wjthl>3. G21 M_elted lump. Cloudy emerald green. Dtmensions 18 x 8 x 7.5mm. (1966). G22 ~elted lump . Cloudy deep blue . Dimensions 7 x 7 x 6mm. GOLD By LiRdsay Allason-Jones ac. 4.26.7 Mt Cemposite earring consisting of a circular rosette with repousse petal decoration ~elded onto a plain backing plate. The hook 18 ~ormed from block-twisted gold wire, the Sl>ll'al seam being clearly· visible (Ocrden 1982, P1· 4. 27-8). The end of the hook 0 is iarened and soldered to the backing plate e oce forming a smalJer hook. A second 263 flattened length of wire 'is soldered to the first and forms another hook at the base of the plate: from each of these hangs a hollow, pear-shaped gold leaf with a repousse convex front plate welded to a plain back The fronts have a cenJral rib with oblique grooves running down to the edges. A loop of circular-sectioned wire with flattened ends is welded to the back of each leaf. Diameter of rosette: 13mm, L. of leaves with hooks: 15mm, Total L. 33mm. Found by Mr Priestman (see p. 11). Previously published as Allason-Jones 1989a, no. 10, fig. 2. This fits into Allason-Jones' 1989a type 14 and can be compared w~th a second-century example in the British Museum which also has hanging pendants (Marshall 1969, pl. 51, no. 2334: Townley Collection). Each of a fourth-century pair of similar earrings in Istanbul Museum (Ergil. 1983, no. 120) displays a single pendant and a bead held by wire jn the centre but there is no sign that the Brougham example ever had any additional elements. A local example of the type, apparently without additional pendants, was found at Bewcastle (Allason-Jones 1993, 28, pl. 11) and a pendant of similar form was found in the vicus excavations at Vindolanda (Vindolanda Museum Acc. no. 104). This tight distribution in the North-West may suggest a common workshop but is more likely to imply a common sales point. A set of Mycenean gold rosettes in Hamburg Museum shows that the design had its roots in a very early tra.dition (Hoffmann and von Claer 1968, no. 3) but despite the wide date range in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire, the type does not appear to have reached the Military Zone of "Roman Britain until the fourth century. Hollow boss welded to a plain backing plate. The remains of a wire hook with a flattened end is welded to the backing plate. The boss is now much distorted but shows traces of having had extra decoration. Diam 10mm. Previously published as AllasonJones 1989a, no. 8, fig. 2. Surface find in the vicinity of 281. The double boss type of earring is well known in Britain (Allason-Jones 1989a, type 13b), the best known example in Britain coming from Caerleon (Boon 1972, fig. 32); single boss earrings are rarer finds (Allason-Jones 1989a, type 13a), although this is clearly the type worn by Regina whose tombstone was found at South Shields (Philli ps 1977, no. 247). Examples of the single boss type have been found at Aldborough (Allason-Jones 1989a, no. 1) and Caerleon (Allason-Jones 1989a, M2 Bibliography Allen, D. 1986. ‘The glass vessels', in Zienkiewicz, J. D., The legionary fortress baths at Caerleon. Volume II the finds (Cardiff), 98-116. Barber, B. and Bowsher, D. 2000. The Eastern Cemetery of Roman London Excavations 1983-1990 MoLAS monograph 4 (London). Bosanquet, R.C. 1935. 'The Roman tombs near High Rochester', Proc. Soc. Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne Series 4, 6, 246-51. Charlesworth, D. 1981. 'Glass from the burials' in Partridge, C., 268-71. Charlton, B. and Mitcheson, M. 1984. ‘The Roman cemetery at Petty Knowes, Rochester, Northumberland’, Archaeologia Aeliana series 5 12, 1-31. Cool, H.E.M. 1990. 'The problem of 3rd century drinking vessels in Britain' Annales du 11e Congrès de l'Association Internationale pour l'histoire du Verre (Amsterdam), 167-75. Cool, H. E. M. and Price, J. 1995. Roman Vessel Glass from Excavations in Colchester 197185, Colchester Archaeol. Rep. 8, (Colchester). Crummy, N., Crummy, P. and Crossan, C. 1993. Excavations of Roman and later Cemeteries, Churches and Monastic Sites in Colchester, 1971-88, Colchester Archaeological Report 9 (Colchester). Curle, J. 1932. `An inventory of objects of Roman and provincial origin found on sites in Scotland not definitely associated with Roman constructions' Proc. Soc. Antiquaries of Scotland 66, 277-397. Doppelfeld, O. 1960/1. 'Das Diatretglas aus dem Gräberbezirk des römischen Gutshofs von Köln-Braunsfeld' Kölner Jahrbuch für Vor und Frühgeschichte 5, 7-35. Doppelfeld, O. 1966 Römisches und Fränksiches Glas in Köln (Köln). Fremersdorf, F. 1958. Das Naturfarbene sogenannte Blaugrüne Glas aus Köln Die Denkmäler des Römischen Köln IV (Köln). Going, C.J. 1993. 'Pottery vessels in Crummy et al, 44-9. Harden, D.B. 1958. `Four Roman glasses from Hauxton Mill Cambridge, 1870' 12-6 in Liversidge, J. `Roman discoveries from Hauxton' Proc. of the Cambridge Antiquarian Soc. LI, 7-17. Harden, D.B., 1962. `Glass in Roman York' in An inventory of the historical monuments in the city of York Volume 1 Eburacum Roman York (London), 136-141. Harden, D.B., Hellenkemper, H., Painter, K. & Whitehouse, D., 1987. Glass of the Caesars (London) Henderson, J. 2000. The Science and Archaeology of Materials (London and New York). Isings, C., 1957. Roman glass from dated finds (Groningen Djarkarta). Lambert, J., 1996. Transect through Time. The Archaeological Landscape of the Shell NorthWestern Ethylene Pipeline Lancaster Imprints 1 (Lancaster). Morin-Jean, 1913. La Verrerie en Gaule sous l'empire Romain (Nogent-le-Roi). Newstead, R., 1921. `The Roman cemetery in the Infirmary Field, Chester' Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 8, 49-60. Partridge, C., 1981. Skeleton Green, a late Iron Age and Romano-British Site Britannia Monograph 2 (London) Pistolet, C. 1981. 'Catalogue des verres de la nécropole des Lattes' Archéologie en Languedoc 4, 3-58. Price, J. and Cottam, S. 1998. Romano-British glass vessels: a handbook CBA Practical Handbook in Archaeology 14 (York). RCHM London Roman London. An inventory of the historical monuments in London 3. Royal Commission Hist. Monuments England. (London 1928). Sennequier, G. 1985. Verrerie d'époque Romaine (Rouen). Shepherd, J. 2000. 'Glass' in Barber and Bowsher, 125-30. Turner, R. 1990. A Romano-British cemetery at Lanchester, Durham. Archaeologia Aeliana series 5 XVIII, 63-77. VCH Essex Victoria County History of England. A history of Essex volume III (1963 London). Wenham, L.P. 1968. The Romano-British Cemetery at Trentholme Drive, York (London) Westell, W.P. 1931. 'A Romano-British cemetery at Baldock, Herts., Archaeol. J. 88, 247301. Whitehouse, D. 2001. Roman Glass in the Corning Museum of Glass. Volume 2. (Corning NY). Whiting, W. 1925. 'The Roman cemeteries at Ospringe. Description of the finds concluded' Archaeologia Cantiana 37, 83-96. Whiting, W. 1926. The Roman cemeteries at Ospringe. Description of the finds continued, Archaeologia Cantiana 38, 123-51. Whiting, W., Hawley, W. & May, T. 1931. Report on the excavation of the Roman cemetery at Ospringe, Kent. Rep. Res. Comm. Soc. Antiq. London 8, (Oxford).

RELATED PAPERS

RELATED TOPICS

Log In

The glass vessels [from Brougham cemetery]

The glass vessels [from Brougham cemetery]

Related Papers

RELATED PAPERS

RELATED TOPICS